CHAPTER TWO - Test Bank 1
... a) acting as insulation and providing structure to surrounding neurons Correct. This answer defines two roles of glial cells. b) shaping cells and moving new neurons into place Incorrect. Glial cells provide structure and insulation to neurons. c) regulating metabolic activity and serving as pain de ...
... a) acting as insulation and providing structure to surrounding neurons Correct. This answer defines two roles of glial cells. b) shaping cells and moving new neurons into place Incorrect. Glial cells provide structure and insulation to neurons. c) regulating metabolic activity and serving as pain de ...
KCNQ/M Channels Control Spike Afterdepolarization and Burst
... intrinsic firing pattern of principal brain neurons, we examined the effects of selective KCNQ/M channel modulators on spike electrogenesis in CA1 pyramidal cells. Previous studies have confirmed that these neurons express KCNQ/M channels (Shah et al., 2002) that give rise to a conspicuous IM on dep ...
... intrinsic firing pattern of principal brain neurons, we examined the effects of selective KCNQ/M channel modulators on spike electrogenesis in CA1 pyramidal cells. Previous studies have confirmed that these neurons express KCNQ/M channels (Shah et al., 2002) that give rise to a conspicuous IM on dep ...
GABAergic neuron distribution in the pedunculopontine nucleus
... pars reticulata (SNR) toward the superior cerebellar peduncle (scp), at an angle of approximately 60° from a vertical line. To define subregions of the PPN, it was necessary to divide it into segments of equal width that were large enough to obtain a significant estimation of the number of neurons in ...
... pars reticulata (SNR) toward the superior cerebellar peduncle (scp), at an angle of approximately 60° from a vertical line. To define subregions of the PPN, it was necessary to divide it into segments of equal width that were large enough to obtain a significant estimation of the number of neurons in ...
Region-specific requirement for cholesterol
... zone of MGE and LGE (Fig. 2O). However, in ShhN/– mutants, we observed significant reduction in the population of differentiating neurons within the presumptive LGE domain (Fig. 2T). There was no obvious difference in differentiation in the cortex and dorsal midline region between control and ShhN/– ...
... zone of MGE and LGE (Fig. 2O). However, in ShhN/– mutants, we observed significant reduction in the population of differentiating neurons within the presumptive LGE domain (Fig. 2T). There was no obvious difference in differentiation in the cortex and dorsal midline region between control and ShhN/– ...
Higginbotham H, Eom TY, Mariani LE, Bachleda A, Hirt J, Gukassyan V, Cusack CL, Lai C, Caspary T, Anton ES. Developmental Cell. 2012, Nov 13 23(5):925-38. Arl13b in primary cilia regulates the migration and placement of interneurons in the developing cerebral cortex.
... of cilia function for cortical development and function is evident in various developmental brain disorders, such as Joubert, Meckel-Gruber, Orofaciodigital, and Bardet-Biedl syndromes (commonly referred to as ciliopathies), where disrupted cilia function and the resultant changes in cortical format ...
... of cilia function for cortical development and function is evident in various developmental brain disorders, such as Joubert, Meckel-Gruber, Orofaciodigital, and Bardet-Biedl syndromes (commonly referred to as ciliopathies), where disrupted cilia function and the resultant changes in cortical format ...
The Optic Tectum in Fishes
... a bewildering variety of forms. In the various cyprinid and perciform species investigated, tectal cell receptive fields probed with flashed or moving spots of light vary greatly in size, ranging from roughly circular fields 2-5 degrees across to complex fields extending some 160 degrees. The latter ...
... a bewildering variety of forms. In the various cyprinid and perciform species investigated, tectal cell receptive fields probed with flashed or moving spots of light vary greatly in size, ranging from roughly circular fields 2-5 degrees across to complex fields extending some 160 degrees. The latter ...
Different neurotrophins are expressed and act in a developmental
... raised the issue of whether similar correlations between target field innervation, neurotrophin synthesis and neuronal responsiveness exist for these more recently identified neurotrophins. This is especially pertinent as these neurotrophins, in contrast to NGF, have additional roles in neuronal dev ...
... raised the issue of whether similar correlations between target field innervation, neurotrophin synthesis and neuronal responsiveness exist for these more recently identified neurotrophins. This is especially pertinent as these neurotrophins, in contrast to NGF, have additional roles in neuronal dev ...
VIP in Neurological Diseases: More Than A Neuropeptide
... neuronal injury. Regarding VIP-receptors, different studies have suggested a role for VPAC1 in learning and memory processes, while VPAC2 seems to be involved in generating normal circadian rhythms, clock gene expression, and behaviour, effects that are also share by PAC1 [26-28] (Fig. 1). Recently, ...
... neuronal injury. Regarding VIP-receptors, different studies have suggested a role for VPAC1 in learning and memory processes, while VPAC2 seems to be involved in generating normal circadian rhythms, clock gene expression, and behaviour, effects that are also share by PAC1 [26-28] (Fig. 1). Recently, ...
Reverse pharmacology of orexin
... the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and monoaminergic neurons in the brain stem to maintain arousal. In addition, orexin neurons also appear to act on LDT/PPT cholinergic neurons, because orexin neurons project directly to the PPT/ LDT nuclei and direct injection of orexin-A into the LDT of cats ...
... the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and monoaminergic neurons in the brain stem to maintain arousal. In addition, orexin neurons also appear to act on LDT/PPT cholinergic neurons, because orexin neurons project directly to the PPT/ LDT nuclei and direct injection of orexin-A into the LDT of cats ...
Hippocampus, 22, 1703-1719
... along with reductions in accommodation. This hippocampal AHP plasticity occurred within 1 h postacquisition and persisted for up to 5 days after learning, an interval during which blockade or lesions of hippocampus ablate memory consolidation of the conditioned response (Kim et al., 1995). AHP plast ...
... along with reductions in accommodation. This hippocampal AHP plasticity occurred within 1 h postacquisition and persisted for up to 5 days after learning, an interval during which blockade or lesions of hippocampus ablate memory consolidation of the conditioned response (Kim et al., 1995). AHP plast ...
chapter 9_lecture - Leland Public Schools
... into the central nervous system (CNS), made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), made up of peripheral nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. ...
... into the central nervous system (CNS), made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), made up of peripheral nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. ...
ANS: c, p. 46, F, LO=2.1, (1)
... d) monitoring neural transmission and releasing hormones in the brain ANS: a, p. 47, C, LO=2.1, (3) % correct 59 a= 59 b= 4 c= 11 d= 22 r = .32 % correct 61 a= 61 b= 8 c= 7 d= 24 r = .32 APA=1.1 19. A cell in the human nervous system whose primary function is to provide insulation and structure for ...
... d) monitoring neural transmission and releasing hormones in the brain ANS: a, p. 47, C, LO=2.1, (3) % correct 59 a= 59 b= 4 c= 11 d= 22 r = .32 % correct 61 a= 61 b= 8 c= 7 d= 24 r = .32 APA=1.1 19. A cell in the human nervous system whose primary function is to provide insulation and structure for ...
Binding and Cytotoxic Effects of Clostdium botulinum Type A, C1
... prepared from brains of foetal mice, but binding of type E toxin was weak. None of the toxin types bound to the feeder layer, composed of non-neuronal cells. The heavy-chain component of the type C1toxin bound to neurons, but the light chain component did not. Type C, toxin also bound only to cell l ...
... prepared from brains of foetal mice, but binding of type E toxin was weak. None of the toxin types bound to the feeder layer, composed of non-neuronal cells. The heavy-chain component of the type C1toxin bound to neurons, but the light chain component did not. Type C, toxin also bound only to cell l ...
Altered fear learning across development in both mouse and human
... has been postulated to mediate extinction learning and may determine the efficacy of exposure therapy often used as part of cognitive behavioral therapy, it is important to discern how changes in the development of prefrontal circuitry influences fear extinction. Studying the development of fear learn ...
... has been postulated to mediate extinction learning and may determine the efficacy of exposure therapy often used as part of cognitive behavioral therapy, it is important to discern how changes in the development of prefrontal circuitry influences fear extinction. Studying the development of fear learn ...
Representation of Sounds in Auditory Cortex of Awake
... The brain is the most complex computational device known to Man. Not only does it mediate our orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons and their co ...
... The brain is the most complex computational device known to Man. Not only does it mediate our orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons and their co ...
Corticomuscular Contributions to the Control of Rhythmic Movement
... The inherent simplicity of human locomotion is deceiving in nature and its complexity becomes apparent when we observe children as they learn to walk or patients suffering from neuromuscular disorders. Human movement requires inputs from supraspinal and spinal centers as well as sensory afferent fee ...
... The inherent simplicity of human locomotion is deceiving in nature and its complexity becomes apparent when we observe children as they learn to walk or patients suffering from neuromuscular disorders. Human movement requires inputs from supraspinal and spinal centers as well as sensory afferent fee ...
Arc mRNA induction in striatal efferent neurons associated with response learning
... The dorsal striatum is involved in motor-response learning, but the extent to which distinct populations of striatal efferent neurons are differentially involved in such learning is unknown. Activity-regulated, cytoskeleton-associated (Arc) protein is an effector immediate– early gene implicated in ...
... The dorsal striatum is involved in motor-response learning, but the extent to which distinct populations of striatal efferent neurons are differentially involved in such learning is unknown. Activity-regulated, cytoskeleton-associated (Arc) protein is an effector immediate– early gene implicated in ...
Sensorimotor cortical influences on cuneate nucleus
... cerebral cortex,12 which indicates that intrathalamic mechanisms are insufficient to account for the largescale synchrony of oscillations in vivo and emphasizes the role of corticothalamic feedback in large-scale synchrony. 15 This also poses the question of whether the cerebral cortex spreads the t ...
... cerebral cortex,12 which indicates that intrathalamic mechanisms are insufficient to account for the largescale synchrony of oscillations in vivo and emphasizes the role of corticothalamic feedback in large-scale synchrony. 15 This also poses the question of whether the cerebral cortex spreads the t ...
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
... 2000). Because vagal afferent terminals express opioid receptors, afferent regulation of NTS POMC neurons represents an interesting potential target for opioids (Aicher et al., 2000). We used POMC enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) mice to identify NTS POMC neurons for both in vivo c-fos stud ...
... 2000). Because vagal afferent terminals express opioid receptors, afferent regulation of NTS POMC neurons represents an interesting potential target for opioids (Aicher et al., 2000). We used POMC enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) mice to identify NTS POMC neurons for both in vivo c-fos stud ...
Rostral Fastigial Nucleus Activity in the Alert Monkey During Three
... used for static stimulation. One hundred fifty-eight neurons in two monkeys were modulated during the sinusoidal vertical search stimulation. The vast majority showed a uniform response pattern: a maximum at a specific head orientation (response vector orientation) and a null response 907 apart. Det ...
... used for static stimulation. One hundred fifty-eight neurons in two monkeys were modulated during the sinusoidal vertical search stimulation. The vast majority showed a uniform response pattern: a maximum at a specific head orientation (response vector orientation) and a null response 907 apart. Det ...
Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System Is Involved in Rapid Nerve
... adult rats. J Neurophysiol 91: 424 – 437, 2004. First published September 24, 2003; 10.1152/jn.00489.2003. We have previously reported that topical application of nerve growth factor (NGF) to the barrel cortex of an adult rat rapidly augmented a whisker functional representation (WFR) by increasing ...
... adult rats. J Neurophysiol 91: 424 – 437, 2004. First published September 24, 2003; 10.1152/jn.00489.2003. We have previously reported that topical application of nerve growth factor (NGF) to the barrel cortex of an adult rat rapidly augmented a whisker functional representation (WFR) by increasing ...
Neuropathological Characteristics of Brachial Plexus Avulsion Injury
... ChAT-positive motor neurons were counted on both the intact and lesioned side of the C5, C6, and C7 spinal segments. Because ChAT immunoreactivity may be changed as a consequence of injury, serials sections stained with CV were also used to quantify the motor neurons as an independent marker. Only C ...
... ChAT-positive motor neurons were counted on both the intact and lesioned side of the C5, C6, and C7 spinal segments. Because ChAT immunoreactivity may be changed as a consequence of injury, serials sections stained with CV were also used to quantify the motor neurons as an independent marker. Only C ...
Expression of the BDNF gene in the developing
... Compared with the peripheral nervous system, remarkably little is known about molecular mechanisms regulating neuronal survival and development in the central nervous system (CNS). This is because for a long time, NGF was the only molecule available for such studies and there are few NGF-responsive ...
... Compared with the peripheral nervous system, remarkably little is known about molecular mechanisms regulating neuronal survival and development in the central nervous system (CNS). This is because for a long time, NGF was the only molecule available for such studies and there are few NGF-responsive ...
Innervation of the levator ani and coccygeus muscles of the female rat
... (McKenna and Nadelhaft, 1986) describing its course from the L6-S1 trunk to the striated urethral sphincter, striated anal sphincter, clitoris, and perineum. We specifically searched for branches of the pudendal nerve that innervated intrapelvic skeletal muscles, but found none. Although the myelinat ...
... (McKenna and Nadelhaft, 1986) describing its course from the L6-S1 trunk to the striated urethral sphincter, striated anal sphincter, clitoris, and perineum. We specifically searched for branches of the pudendal nerve that innervated intrapelvic skeletal muscles, but found none. Although the myelinat ...