Pheromone signaling in the fruit fly Drosophila
... conserved among insect species (Jones et al. 2005), is expressed in almost all olfactory neurons, and is crucial for proper functioning of the OSN (Benton et al. 2006, Larsson et al. 2004). This receptor does not confer an independent odorant response (Elmore et al. 2003), but is thought to be an io ...
... conserved among insect species (Jones et al. 2005), is expressed in almost all olfactory neurons, and is crucial for proper functioning of the OSN (Benton et al. 2006, Larsson et al. 2004). This receptor does not confer an independent odorant response (Elmore et al. 2003), but is thought to be an io ...
The role of the mirror neuron system in action understanding and
... neural activities could be the mechanism behind this recognition. A study provided evidence in favor of the action understanding theory. Even while a meaningful object was hidden and the last part of a movement could not be seen, some mirror neurons still fired. The monkeys saw beforehand if there ...
... neural activities could be the mechanism behind this recognition. A study provided evidence in favor of the action understanding theory. Even while a meaningful object was hidden and the last part of a movement could not be seen, some mirror neurons still fired. The monkeys saw beforehand if there ...
The neuronal structure of the medial geniculate body in the pig
... moderately distributed delicate varicose appendages and ocasionally spine-like protrusions. The dendritic tree has a spherical or oval shape. An axon arises mostly from the soma and takes a ventral or rarely lateral course. The multipolar neurons have a centrally located, large, spherical nucleus. T ...
... moderately distributed delicate varicose appendages and ocasionally spine-like protrusions. The dendritic tree has a spherical or oval shape. An axon arises mostly from the soma and takes a ventral or rarely lateral course. The multipolar neurons have a centrally located, large, spherical nucleus. T ...
Signals Conveyed in the Pulvinar Pathway from Superior Colliculus
... rons, we also presented laser spot stimuli that were positioned by mirror electrode into the pulvinar and searched for neurons in the inferior and galvanometers. A computer running REX (Hays et al., 1982) controlled lateral subdivisions. Once we isolated a single neuron, we passed brief stimulus pre ...
... rons, we also presented laser spot stimuli that were positioned by mirror electrode into the pulvinar and searched for neurons in the inferior and galvanometers. A computer running REX (Hays et al., 1982) controlled lateral subdivisions. Once we isolated a single neuron, we passed brief stimulus pre ...
studies on the development and organisation of the nervous system
... through the animal, spinning out the nerve process behind it. This is not the only means by which nerve processes can be lengthened, since change in size and shape of the animal is matched by addition of new material to already existing processes. In many cases most of the length of nerve fibres is ...
... through the animal, spinning out the nerve process behind it. This is not the only means by which nerve processes can be lengthened, since change in size and shape of the animal is matched by addition of new material to already existing processes. In many cases most of the length of nerve fibres is ...
String Art: Axon Tracts in the Spinal Cord Spinal reflex arcs
... * Technically dendrites, but usually called axons. Note that there are also ventral spinocerebellar tracts, which are a bit more complicated. They are part of a system that integrates descending motor signals with ...
... * Technically dendrites, but usually called axons. Note that there are also ventral spinocerebellar tracts, which are a bit more complicated. They are part of a system that integrates descending motor signals with ...
Receptores Monoaminérgicos en Corteza Prefrontal: Mecanismo de Acción de Fármacos Antipsicóticos
... increase in pyramidal cell firing (Figure 3). Reversal ...
... increase in pyramidal cell firing (Figure 3). Reversal ...
The mirror mechanism: recent findings and perspectives
... motor act, but not in the precise movements necessary to achieve the goal. Although some other specific visual characteristics have been already observed in the early studies on mirror neurons, these characteristics have been recently re-investigated and will be dealt with below. An important aspect ...
... motor act, but not in the precise movements necessary to achieve the goal. Although some other specific visual characteristics have been already observed in the early studies on mirror neurons, these characteristics have been recently re-investigated and will be dealt with below. An important aspect ...
Control of breathing by interacting pontine and
... shaping of the breathing pattern. Many peripheral mechano- and chemo-sensory afferents, including those from the lungs, tracheobronchial tree and carotid bifurcation, provide feedback signals involving in the homeodynamic control of breathing, cardiovascular function, and different types of motor be ...
... shaping of the breathing pattern. Many peripheral mechano- and chemo-sensory afferents, including those from the lungs, tracheobronchial tree and carotid bifurcation, provide feedback signals involving in the homeodynamic control of breathing, cardiovascular function, and different types of motor be ...
L-Dopa and Brain Serotonin System Dysfunction
... terminals within the striatum accounts for the therapeutic benefits of L-dopa. However, several studies have provided evidence for 5-HT neurons as the main means by which dopamine is synthesized from exogenous L-dopa and released in the striatum, thus accounting for L-dopa’s therapeutic effects on m ...
... terminals within the striatum accounts for the therapeutic benefits of L-dopa. However, several studies have provided evidence for 5-HT neurons as the main means by which dopamine is synthesized from exogenous L-dopa and released in the striatum, thus accounting for L-dopa’s therapeutic effects on m ...
Glia Engulf Degenerating Axons during Developmental Axon Pruning
... At higher magnification, we frequently observe labeled profiles of ␥ neurons that form presynaptic terminals in third-instar larvae (arrowheads in Figure 1B3). Later time points reveal signs of synaptic degeneration (arrowheads; compare Figures 1B3 and 1E3). For instance, some labeled presynaptic te ...
... At higher magnification, we frequently observe labeled profiles of ␥ neurons that form presynaptic terminals in third-instar larvae (arrowheads in Figure 1B3). Later time points reveal signs of synaptic degeneration (arrowheads; compare Figures 1B3 and 1E3). For instance, some labeled presynaptic te ...
PDF - Department of Molecular Biology
... Endophilin mutations altering membrane tubulation activity produce corresponding defects in SV endocytosis in vivo, consistent with the membrane-bending model. These results also suggest that decreased and increased membrane-bending activity are both detrimental to SV endocytosis. Specificity of the ...
... Endophilin mutations altering membrane tubulation activity produce corresponding defects in SV endocytosis in vivo, consistent with the membrane-bending model. These results also suggest that decreased and increased membrane-bending activity are both detrimental to SV endocytosis. Specificity of the ...
Principles of Neural Science
... B. Location and other spatial properties of a stimulus are encoded by the spatial distribution of the population of activated receptors. Each receptor fires action potentials only when the skin close to its sensory terminals is touched, ie, when a stimulus impinges on the receptor's receptive field ...
... B. Location and other spatial properties of a stimulus are encoded by the spatial distribution of the population of activated receptors. Each receptor fires action potentials only when the skin close to its sensory terminals is touched, ie, when a stimulus impinges on the receptor's receptive field ...
The addictive behaviour induced by food monosodium glutamate
... The excitatory role of the glutamic acid is essential from the early development of the brain, but an excessive activation of this transmission can lead to neural degeneration and death. The overstimulation of glutamatergic receptors determines pathological neurotoxicity, probably through a high inc ...
... The excitatory role of the glutamic acid is essential from the early development of the brain, but an excessive activation of this transmission can lead to neural degeneration and death. The overstimulation of glutamatergic receptors determines pathological neurotoxicity, probably through a high inc ...
Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system
... anorexic effect53. On the cellular level, electrophysiological analyses suggest that ghrelin acts on the arcuate NPY/AgRP neurons to coordinately activate these orexigenic cells, while inhibiting the anorexigenic POMC cells by increasing GABA release onto them38. Ghrelin can also stimulate appetite ...
... anorexic effect53. On the cellular level, electrophysiological analyses suggest that ghrelin acts on the arcuate NPY/AgRP neurons to coordinately activate these orexigenic cells, while inhibiting the anorexigenic POMC cells by increasing GABA release onto them38. Ghrelin can also stimulate appetite ...
Cable and Compartmental Models of Dendritic Trees
... some simulations in which a number of cylindrical compartments are connected through their axial resistances Ra . As this resistance is proportional to the length of the compartment and inversely proportional to its cross sectional area, we can define a specific axial resistance RA that is independe ...
... some simulations in which a number of cylindrical compartments are connected through their axial resistances Ra . As this resistance is proportional to the length of the compartment and inversely proportional to its cross sectional area, we can define a specific axial resistance RA that is independe ...
Zebrafish Get Connected: Investigating Neurotransmission Targets
... Glutamate is also taken up into glia and neurons via the SLC1A family of genes, also known as the high affinity excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs). This gene family regulates the levels of extracellular glutamate to prevent excitotoxicity. In astrocytes and oligodendroglia, glutamate can be ...
... Glutamate is also taken up into glia and neurons via the SLC1A family of genes, also known as the high affinity excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs). This gene family regulates the levels of extracellular glutamate to prevent excitotoxicity. In astrocytes and oligodendroglia, glutamate can be ...
Chapter 8 The Nervous System
... Dendrites and cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the gray matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord Axons leave the spinal cord in the anterior roots of spinal nerves, extend to sympathetic or collateral ganglia, and synapse with several postgan ...
... Dendrites and cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the gray matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord Axons leave the spinal cord in the anterior roots of spinal nerves, extend to sympathetic or collateral ganglia, and synapse with several postgan ...
Neuronal Processing of Chemical Information in Crustaceans Chapter 7
... associative odor learning (Steullet et al. 2002). This suggests that different sensilla types not only serve specific behavioral functions and thus likely differ in their physiological properties, but also that different sensilla types participate in the control of complex behaviors indicating that ...
... associative odor learning (Steullet et al. 2002). This suggests that different sensilla types not only serve specific behavioral functions and thus likely differ in their physiological properties, but also that different sensilla types participate in the control of complex behaviors indicating that ...
Open-loop organization of thalamic reticular nucleus and dorsal
... tonically arriving individual spikes would likely meet a depressed synapse. Therefore, the TRN appears poised to induce a switch from tonic to burst firing based on its ability to hyperpolarize TC neurons. However, because of the time required to deinactivate the T-type calcium channels (Jahnsen and ...
... tonically arriving individual spikes would likely meet a depressed synapse. Therefore, the TRN appears poised to induce a switch from tonic to burst firing based on its ability to hyperpolarize TC neurons. However, because of the time required to deinactivate the T-type calcium channels (Jahnsen and ...
[PDF]
... from the neuronal fate specification of neural stem cells. To function properly, new neurons have to integrate into appropriate neural networks and establish correct communication with other neurons. A critical step in development is neuronal maturation, which is characterized by dendritic and axonal ...
... from the neuronal fate specification of neural stem cells. To function properly, new neurons have to integrate into appropriate neural networks and establish correct communication with other neurons. A critical step in development is neuronal maturation, which is characterized by dendritic and axonal ...
Binding and Cytotoxic Effects of Clostdium botulinum Type A, C1
... intraperitoneal injection, 10 LD5o ml-l (250 pg ml-l) of toxin was used; 0.5 mI of the mixtures was injected and the mice were observed for 6 d. For intravenous injection, 2 x lo5 LDS0ml-l (5 pg ml-l) was used, and 0.1 ml of the mixtures was injected. The average time to death and the percentage of ...
... intraperitoneal injection, 10 LD5o ml-l (250 pg ml-l) of toxin was used; 0.5 mI of the mixtures was injected and the mice were observed for 6 d. For intravenous injection, 2 x lo5 LDS0ml-l (5 pg ml-l) was used, and 0.1 ml of the mixtures was injected. The average time to death and the percentage of ...
Circuit Architecture of VTA Dopamine Neurons Revealed by
... including a previously unappreciated top-down reinforcing circuit from anterior cortex to lateral nucleus accumbens via VTA-DA neurons. This study highlights the utility of our viral-genetic tracing strategies to elucidate the complex neural substrates that underlie motivated behaviors. INTRODUCTION ...
... including a previously unappreciated top-down reinforcing circuit from anterior cortex to lateral nucleus accumbens via VTA-DA neurons. This study highlights the utility of our viral-genetic tracing strategies to elucidate the complex neural substrates that underlie motivated behaviors. INTRODUCTION ...
The GABAergic system in schizophrenia
... receptors initially and later with the monosynaptic kneejerk reflex in cats, Ernst Florey reported that a Factor I had inhibitory effects in these systems (Florey and McLennan, 1955). Factor I was later purified from beef brain and shown to be identical to GABA (Bazemore et al., 1957). The status of ...
... receptors initially and later with the monosynaptic kneejerk reflex in cats, Ernst Florey reported that a Factor I had inhibitory effects in these systems (Florey and McLennan, 1955). Factor I was later purified from beef brain and shown to be identical to GABA (Bazemore et al., 1957). The status of ...
Pierre Berthet Computational Modeling of the Basal Ganglia – Functional Pathways
... reward and punishment. Reinforcement learning theories suggest that an action will be more or less likely to be selected if the outcome has been better or worse than expected. A group of subcortical structures, the basal ganglia (BG), is critically involved in both the selection and the reward predi ...
... reward and punishment. Reinforcement learning theories suggest that an action will be more or less likely to be selected if the outcome has been better or worse than expected. A group of subcortical structures, the basal ganglia (BG), is critically involved in both the selection and the reward predi ...