![[Frontiers in Bioscience 8, s438-451, May 1, 2003] 438 AROUSAL](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/005320946_1-6eb469e446a066f466aecf70147008ff-300x300.png)
[Frontiers in Bioscience 8, s438-451, May 1, 2003] 438 AROUSAL
... activation of wakefulness or that of REMS (25, 26). Release of ACh is high in the thalamus in association with cortical activation of both states (27). These cholinergic neurons are thus ostensibly important for cortical activation that occurs in both waking and REMS. On the other hand, their influe ...
... activation of wakefulness or that of REMS (25, 26). Release of ACh is high in the thalamus in association with cortical activation of both states (27). These cholinergic neurons are thus ostensibly important for cortical activation that occurs in both waking and REMS. On the other hand, their influe ...
Review Inhibitory neurotransmission, plasticity and aging in the
... glycinergic inhibitory neurotransmission. As seen in development, age-related changes may be activity dependent. Age-related presynaptic changes in the cochlear nucleus include reduced glycine levels, while in the auditory midbrain and cortex, GABA synthesis and release are altered. Presumably, in r ...
... glycinergic inhibitory neurotransmission. As seen in development, age-related changes may be activity dependent. Age-related presynaptic changes in the cochlear nucleus include reduced glycine levels, while in the auditory midbrain and cortex, GABA synthesis and release are altered. Presumably, in r ...
Different Subthreshold Mechanisms Underlie Song Selectivity in
... this idea, in vivo intracellular recordings from X-projecting neurons reveal that they have song-selective auditory responses (Lewicki, 1996). Furthermore, certain X-projecting neurons display BOSevoked hyperpolarizations (Lewicki, 1996), perhaps driven by HVc interneurons, that might refine these r ...
... this idea, in vivo intracellular recordings from X-projecting neurons reveal that they have song-selective auditory responses (Lewicki, 1996). Furthermore, certain X-projecting neurons display BOSevoked hyperpolarizations (Lewicki, 1996), perhaps driven by HVc interneurons, that might refine these r ...
A tale of two stories: astrocyte regulation of
... and frequency of prior activity at that same synaptic terminal [5]. One widely studied mechanism responsible for the dependence of synaptic transmission on past activity has been dubbed presynaptic short-term plasticity [6]. Upon repetitive action potential stimulation, the response of a presynaptic ...
... and frequency of prior activity at that same synaptic terminal [5]. One widely studied mechanism responsible for the dependence of synaptic transmission on past activity has been dubbed presynaptic short-term plasticity [6]. Upon repetitive action potential stimulation, the response of a presynaptic ...
Nor-binaltorphimine Precipitates Withdrawal and Excitatory Amino
... et al., 1996; Horan and Ho, 1991). Osmotic minipumps were implanted s.c. between the scapulae with the animals under ether anesthesia. A 4-cm piece of Tygon tubing (0.38 mm inner diameter; Cole-Palmer, Chicago, IL) was used to connect the outlet of the minipump to a piece of L-shaped stainless steel ...
... et al., 1996; Horan and Ho, 1991). Osmotic minipumps were implanted s.c. between the scapulae with the animals under ether anesthesia. A 4-cm piece of Tygon tubing (0.38 mm inner diameter; Cole-Palmer, Chicago, IL) was used to connect the outlet of the minipump to a piece of L-shaped stainless steel ...
Starosta, S., Güntürkün, O., Stüttgen, M.C., Stimulus
... of trials 1–p, the food hopper was illuminated for the same time but the food hopper was not activated (‘S+ food omission’). If the bird responded to S– (4 cpd in one session, 10 cpd in all others), all houselights were turned off for 5 s, and a clearly audible tone (sawtooth wave at 1000 Hz) was pr ...
... of trials 1–p, the food hopper was illuminated for the same time but the food hopper was not activated (‘S+ food omission’). If the bird responded to S– (4 cpd in one session, 10 cpd in all others), all houselights were turned off for 5 s, and a clearly audible tone (sawtooth wave at 1000 Hz) was pr ...
Introducing a New Product
... Mosby items and derived items © 2013, 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. ...
... Mosby items and derived items © 2013, 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. ...
Action recognition in the premotor cortex
... flexion of all fingers around an object. It was evoked by large objects. Reaching was studied by presenting various objects in the four quadrants of the visual space and by repeating over and over the presentations. By examining a large variety of proximal-distal movement combinations, it was usuall ...
... flexion of all fingers around an object. It was evoked by large objects. Reaching was studied by presenting various objects in the four quadrants of the visual space and by repeating over and over the presentations. By examining a large variety of proximal-distal movement combinations, it was usuall ...
Document
... EvBrain is a form of evolutionary software that can evolve "brainlike" neural networks, such as the network immediately behind the retina. Since November 2008, IBM received a $4.9 million grant from the Pentagon for research into creating intelligent computers. The Blue Brain project is being conduc ...
... EvBrain is a form of evolutionary software that can evolve "brainlike" neural networks, such as the network immediately behind the retina. Since November 2008, IBM received a $4.9 million grant from the Pentagon for research into creating intelligent computers. The Blue Brain project is being conduc ...
Morphology and Physiology of the Cerebellar Vestibulolateral Lobe
... FIG. 1. Afferent organization of the cerebellar vestibulolateral lobe in goldfish. A and B: lateral view of the intact goldfish hindbrain and cerebellum in which the schematic diagram is drawn at the same scale to closely depict the dorsoventral and rostrocaudal locations of the major mid- and hindb ...
... FIG. 1. Afferent organization of the cerebellar vestibulolateral lobe in goldfish. A and B: lateral view of the intact goldfish hindbrain and cerebellum in which the schematic diagram is drawn at the same scale to closely depict the dorsoventral and rostrocaudal locations of the major mid- and hindb ...
Modelling Neuronal Mechanisms of the Processing of Tones and System
... studied across the dimension of time at multiple scales, AS allows us to encompass in our study not only neuronal processing at the millisecond scale, but also slower mechanisms requiring from tens of milliseconds to over a second to have an effect. In short, we can incorporate great detail while no ...
... studied across the dimension of time at multiple scales, AS allows us to encompass in our study not only neuronal processing at the millisecond scale, but also slower mechanisms requiring from tens of milliseconds to over a second to have an effect. In short, we can incorporate great detail while no ...
Here is a link
... cells and illuminated by light with dye-specific wave length; simultaneously the membrane potential is recorded with an intracellular microelectrode against a reference electrode in the extracellular space. (2) Changes of the membrane potential (MP) starting from the resting level passing a decrease ...
... cells and illuminated by light with dye-specific wave length; simultaneously the membrane potential is recorded with an intracellular microelectrode against a reference electrode in the extracellular space. (2) Changes of the membrane potential (MP) starting from the resting level passing a decrease ...
Electrophysiological evidence that noradrenergic neurons of the rat
... In the mammalian central nervous system, the majority of the serotonergic neurons are found within the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) (Dahlström and Fuxe, 1964). By means of their widespread projections throughout the entire brain, these neurons are thought to play a crucial role in a variety of physio ...
... In the mammalian central nervous system, the majority of the serotonergic neurons are found within the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) (Dahlström and Fuxe, 1964). By means of their widespread projections throughout the entire brain, these neurons are thought to play a crucial role in a variety of physio ...
Clarke`s column neurons as the focus of a corticospinal corollary circuit
... Adam W Hantman & Thomas M Jessell Proprioceptive sensory signals inform the CNS of the consequences of motor acts, but effective motor planning involves internal neural systems capable of anticipating actual sensory feedback. Just where and how predictive systems exert their influence remains poorly ...
... Adam W Hantman & Thomas M Jessell Proprioceptive sensory signals inform the CNS of the consequences of motor acts, but effective motor planning involves internal neural systems capable of anticipating actual sensory feedback. Just where and how predictive systems exert their influence remains poorly ...
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 3
... The electrochemical messages carried by neurons either increase or decrease the likelihood that the next cell will continue to transmit. Excitatory messages increase the probability that the next cell will “fire” - continue to carry the transmission. Inhibitory messages decrease the likelihood ...
... The electrochemical messages carried by neurons either increase or decrease the likelihood that the next cell will continue to transmit. Excitatory messages increase the probability that the next cell will “fire” - continue to carry the transmission. Inhibitory messages decrease the likelihood ...
Read Here
... School and Dartmouth Giesel School of Medicine. Triple-transgenic animals were generated by breeding Tac1::IRES-cre (Harris et al., 2014) mice to either double-transgenic Pet1::Flpe (Jensen et al., 2008), RC:: ...
... School and Dartmouth Giesel School of Medicine. Triple-transgenic animals were generated by breeding Tac1::IRES-cre (Harris et al., 2014) mice to either double-transgenic Pet1::Flpe (Jensen et al., 2008), RC:: ...
The Neuronal Endomembrane System
... suited to address the nature of possible interactions between AR and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in the axon hillock. It is also ideal to study the origin of the axonal discrete elements within the cell body as well as their interaction with other somal endomembrane system components. Tissues ...
... suited to address the nature of possible interactions between AR and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in the axon hillock. It is also ideal to study the origin of the axonal discrete elements within the cell body as well as their interaction with other somal endomembrane system components. Tissues ...
Specificity in Inhibitory Systems Associated with Prefrontal Pathways to
... 1998; Rao et al. 1999; Constantinidis et al. 2001; Krimer and Goldman-Rakic 2001; Constantinidis et al. 2002). However, excitatory neurons also act through pathways that leave the gray matter and travel in the white matter over short or long distances. The prefrontal cortex participates in an extens ...
... 1998; Rao et al. 1999; Constantinidis et al. 2001; Krimer and Goldman-Rakic 2001; Constantinidis et al. 2002). However, excitatory neurons also act through pathways that leave the gray matter and travel in the white matter over short or long distances. The prefrontal cortex participates in an extens ...
Neuronal subtype specification in the cerebral cortex
... by generating pyramidal neurons either directly through mitoses at the apical surface of the VZ, or indirectly through the production of proliferating intermediate progenitors39. In addition to the full-length radial glia, other neuron-producing precursors have been described in the VZ30,38,40,41. O ...
... by generating pyramidal neurons either directly through mitoses at the apical surface of the VZ, or indirectly through the production of proliferating intermediate progenitors39. In addition to the full-length radial glia, other neuron-producing precursors have been described in the VZ30,38,40,41. O ...
Dopamine Deficiency in a Genetic Mouse Model of Lesch
... neurons, but quantitative autoradiographic studies revealed significant reductions in the binding of 3H-fV-[ l -(2-benzo(8)thiophenyl)cyclohexyllpiperidine (3H-BTCP) to dopamine uptake sites in the forebrain of the mutants. In contrast to these abnormalities of the dopamine systems in the mutant mic ...
... neurons, but quantitative autoradiographic studies revealed significant reductions in the binding of 3H-fV-[ l -(2-benzo(8)thiophenyl)cyclohexyllpiperidine (3H-BTCP) to dopamine uptake sites in the forebrain of the mutants. In contrast to these abnormalities of the dopamine systems in the mutant mic ...
University of Birmingham Drosophila neurotrophins reveal a
... Figure 1. Identification of a Drosophila Neurotrophin (A) Bioinformatic searches used to identify DNT1. (B) Sequence-structure alignment of the Cysknot domains of DNT1 and representative neurotrophins: Arrows: b-strands; spirals: a-helices; identical residues are shown in white over red (6 Cys and G ...
... Figure 1. Identification of a Drosophila Neurotrophin (A) Bioinformatic searches used to identify DNT1. (B) Sequence-structure alignment of the Cysknot domains of DNT1 and representative neurotrophins: Arrows: b-strands; spirals: a-helices; identical residues are shown in white over red (6 Cys and G ...
Dual inhibition of the dactyl opener muscle in lobster
... The issue of whether CI does, in fact, supply only a small region of the muscle is an important consideration for understanding its functional role in astacurans. The physiological role of the specific inhibitor OI has always been considered in the context of the excitor OE, with which it is closely ...
... The issue of whether CI does, in fact, supply only a small region of the muscle is an important consideration for understanding its functional role in astacurans. The physiological role of the specific inhibitor OI has always been considered in the context of the excitor OE, with which it is closely ...
Behavioural Brain Research Learning processing in the basal ganglia
... that these diseases are caused by the degeneration of components of the basal ganglia led to the theory that this system is exclusively involved in motor functions [13,55,164]. Over the last decades a growing body of evidence has shown that Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease patients also present ...
... that these diseases are caused by the degeneration of components of the basal ganglia led to the theory that this system is exclusively involved in motor functions [13,55,164]. Over the last decades a growing body of evidence has shown that Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease patients also present ...
stretch reflex 2
... 3) It has no recruitment nor after discharge: • It is due to lack of interneurons 4)Graded response: • The strength of ms contraction is directly proportional to the extent of stretch. 5) Reciprocal innervation: • In which stretch of a ms results in reflex contraction of the stretched ms and relaxa ...
... 3) It has no recruitment nor after discharge: • It is due to lack of interneurons 4)Graded response: • The strength of ms contraction is directly proportional to the extent of stretch. 5) Reciprocal innervation: • In which stretch of a ms results in reflex contraction of the stretched ms and relaxa ...
Full Text - J
... istered DOPA have been reported (22 – 25), most of these side effects are mainly due to dopamine and other catecholamines converted from DOPA by AADC. In fact, DOPA after being taken up into catecholaminergic neurons can be converted to dopamine and other catecholamines, which are released from cate ...
... istered DOPA have been reported (22 – 25), most of these side effects are mainly due to dopamine and other catecholamines converted from DOPA by AADC. In fact, DOPA after being taken up into catecholaminergic neurons can be converted to dopamine and other catecholamines, which are released from cate ...