Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits
... On the basis of previous anatomical and in vitro electrophysiological studies in rats describing an inhibitory GABAergic projection from CEl to CEm13–17, we examined anatomical and functional connectivity between CEl and CEm. First, we locally injected a retrogradely tracing virus (herpes simplex vi ...
... On the basis of previous anatomical and in vitro electrophysiological studies in rats describing an inhibitory GABAergic projection from CEl to CEm13–17, we examined anatomical and functional connectivity between CEl and CEm. First, we locally injected a retrogradely tracing virus (herpes simplex vi ...
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... to play a direct role in acute neurological disorders, such as hypoxic/ischemic brain damage – which is accompanied by massive release of glutamate (41) – this is unlikely to happen in a chronic, slowly evolving disorder, such as PD. However, glutamate can become neurotoxic – even at physiological c ...
... to play a direct role in acute neurological disorders, such as hypoxic/ischemic brain damage – which is accompanied by massive release of glutamate (41) – this is unlikely to happen in a chronic, slowly evolving disorder, such as PD. However, glutamate can become neurotoxic – even at physiological c ...
Duration Sensitivity to Other Response Properties of the Rat
... mum probability of firing. First-spike latency was extremely variable across trials but was always ⬎35 ms. Figure 1C shows the response from another neuron with a sustained discharge pattern, but this neuron was not duration sensitive (all pass). Although the number of spikes per trial was positivel ...
... mum probability of firing. First-spike latency was extremely variable across trials but was always ⬎35 ms. Figure 1C shows the response from another neuron with a sustained discharge pattern, but this neuron was not duration sensitive (all pass). Although the number of spikes per trial was positivel ...
Technologies émergentes de mémoire résistive pour les systèmes
... or a Faraday cage. While we can perceive and realize some of the things that influence us and our actions, there are numerous others that we barely perceive or realize. Thus, even if I write down every single name that has influenced this thesis or the last three years of my life (including all 2nd ...
... or a Faraday cage. While we can perceive and realize some of the things that influence us and our actions, there are numerous others that we barely perceive or realize. Thus, even if I write down every single name that has influenced this thesis or the last three years of my life (including all 2nd ...
The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Reflexes
... (motor) pathways. Regardless of this preference, however, autonomic activity involves a visceral reflex arc that includes receptors (nerve endings that detect stretch, tissue damage, blood chemicals, body temperature, and other internal stimuli), afferent neurons leading to the CNS, interneurons in ...
... (motor) pathways. Regardless of this preference, however, autonomic activity involves a visceral reflex arc that includes receptors (nerve endings that detect stretch, tissue damage, blood chemicals, body temperature, and other internal stimuli), afferent neurons leading to the CNS, interneurons in ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Mediates Activity
... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes postnatal maturation of GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and its expression and release are enhanced by neuronal activity, suggesting that it acts in a feedback manner to maintain a balance between excitation and inhibiti ...
... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes postnatal maturation of GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and its expression and release are enhanced by neuronal activity, suggesting that it acts in a feedback manner to maintain a balance between excitation and inhibiti ...
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... fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is an intermediate filament (IF) protein belonging to the type III subclass of IF proteins, reacts with a single band of 52 kDa on immunoblotting [19]. The antibody used here showed a typical immunostaing pattern for astroglial cells, comparable to that descri ...
... fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is an intermediate filament (IF) protein belonging to the type III subclass of IF proteins, reacts with a single band of 52 kDa on immunoblotting [19]. The antibody used here showed a typical immunostaing pattern for astroglial cells, comparable to that descri ...
Impact of acute inflammation on spinal motoneuron synaptic
... fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is an intermediate filament (IF) protein belonging to the type III subclass of IF proteins, reacts with a single band of 52 kDa on immunoblotting [19]. The antibody used here showed a typical immunostaing pattern for astroglial cells, comparable to that descri ...
... fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is an intermediate filament (IF) protein belonging to the type III subclass of IF proteins, reacts with a single band of 52 kDa on immunoblotting [19]. The antibody used here showed a typical immunostaing pattern for astroglial cells, comparable to that descri ...
Physiology of muscles and nerves
... accommodation of the membrane to the stimulus. [B]: The stimulus is subthreshold in magnitude, with less number of Na+ channels to open. Once action potential started, action potential waves occur with constant rate and amplitude regardless of the strength of the stimulus provided that the stimulus ...
... accommodation of the membrane to the stimulus. [B]: The stimulus is subthreshold in magnitude, with less number of Na+ channels to open. Once action potential started, action potential waves occur with constant rate and amplitude regardless of the strength of the stimulus provided that the stimulus ...
Serotonergic Attenuation of the Reinforcing and Neurochemical
... Quipazine is a nonselective 5-HT agonist with low nanomolar affinity for 5-HT2 binding sites (Glennon, 1986). In addition, microdialysis experiments in awake squirrel monkeys characterized the effects of serotonergic drugs on cocaine-induced increases in extracellular DA measured in the caudate nucl ...
... Quipazine is a nonselective 5-HT agonist with low nanomolar affinity for 5-HT2 binding sites (Glennon, 1986). In addition, microdialysis experiments in awake squirrel monkeys characterized the effects of serotonergic drugs on cocaine-induced increases in extracellular DA measured in the caudate nucl ...
Maruska & Tricas 2011
... 2009). In fishes and other vertebrates, the terminal nerve GnRH system also modulates processing of visual and olfactory information at the periphery (i.e., retina and olfactory epithelium) (Eisthen et al., 2000; Kawai et al., 2009; Park and Eisthen, 2003; Stell et al., 1987; Zhang and Delay, 2007). ...
... 2009). In fishes and other vertebrates, the terminal nerve GnRH system also modulates processing of visual and olfactory information at the periphery (i.e., retina and olfactory epithelium) (Eisthen et al., 2000; Kawai et al., 2009; Park and Eisthen, 2003; Stell et al., 1987; Zhang and Delay, 2007). ...
Axonal morphometry of hippocampal pyramidal neurons semi
... corresponding landmarks and on the overlap of the neurites double-traced outside of the black box boundaries. All scanned papers are processed to crop the margins outside of the boxed area. While reducing acquisition time, automated scanning introduces two types of distortions in the final scanned i ...
... corresponding landmarks and on the overlap of the neurites double-traced outside of the black box boundaries. All scanned papers are processed to crop the margins outside of the boxed area. While reducing acquisition time, automated scanning introduces two types of distortions in the final scanned i ...
Tang et al - Pro Aid Autisme
... multiple ASD syndromes are caused by mutations in genes that act to inhibit mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase, including Tsc1/Tsc2, NF1, and Pten (Bourgeron, 2009). Synaptic mTOR integrates signaling from various ASD synaptic and regulatory proteins, including SHANK3, FMRP, and the glutama ...
... multiple ASD syndromes are caused by mutations in genes that act to inhibit mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase, including Tsc1/Tsc2, NF1, and Pten (Bourgeron, 2009). Synaptic mTOR integrates signaling from various ASD synaptic and regulatory proteins, including SHANK3, FMRP, and the glutama ...
FREE Sample Here
... b) any one of a number of chemical compounds that increase the activity of the endocrine system. c) the chemical substance found in the cell membrane. Incorrect. The neurotransmitter is found in the synaptic vesicle. d) the DNA contained in the nucleus of every neuron. ANS: a, p. 41, F, LO=2.3, (2) ...
... b) any one of a number of chemical compounds that increase the activity of the endocrine system. c) the chemical substance found in the cell membrane. Incorrect. The neurotransmitter is found in the synaptic vesicle. d) the DNA contained in the nucleus of every neuron. ANS: a, p. 41, F, LO=2.3, (2) ...
Ion Channels in Bursting Neurons
... history of biology, this advance in understanding was dependent on the development and application of a new technology, the voltage clamp. However, equally important was the choice of the squid giant axon as the subject of the experiments. This experimental preparation was chosen by Hodgkin and Huxl ...
... history of biology, this advance in understanding was dependent on the development and application of a new technology, the voltage clamp. However, equally important was the choice of the squid giant axon as the subject of the experiments. This experimental preparation was chosen by Hodgkin and Huxl ...
The sacral autonomic outflow is sympathetic
... The peripheral targets of the sacral VM neurons are located in the pelvic plexus —which, in some species, such as the mouse, is condensed into a bona fide ganglion — and are considered, by definition, parasympathetic 15. Since a proportion of pelvic ganglionic neurons receive input from upper lumba ...
... The peripheral targets of the sacral VM neurons are located in the pelvic plexus —which, in some species, such as the mouse, is condensed into a bona fide ganglion — and are considered, by definition, parasympathetic 15. Since a proportion of pelvic ganglionic neurons receive input from upper lumba ...
High acetylcholine sets circuit dynamics for attention and
... structures. Even if each stored pattern were being regulated by only a single basal forebrain neuron, the number of stored patterns in semantic memory would far exceed the capacity of the basal forebrain for selective regulation. In contrast, this relatively small number of neurons could work in a m ...
... structures. Even if each stored pattern were being regulated by only a single basal forebrain neuron, the number of stored patterns in semantic memory would far exceed the capacity of the basal forebrain for selective regulation. In contrast, this relatively small number of neurons could work in a m ...
Effect of Methamphetamine Neurotoxicity on Learning- Arc Efferent Neurons
... mRNA that did not overlap with the SYTOXstained nucleus (Guzowski et al., 1999). During this cellular analysis, Arc+ cells containing the blue/cy-5 PPE mRNA signal in and around the nucleus were classified as PPE-positive (PPE+). Arc+ cells that did not also contain blue/cy-5 staining were classifie ...
... mRNA that did not overlap with the SYTOXstained nucleus (Guzowski et al., 1999). During this cellular analysis, Arc+ cells containing the blue/cy-5 PPE mRNA signal in and around the nucleus were classified as PPE-positive (PPE+). Arc+ cells that did not also contain blue/cy-5 staining were classifie ...
Glia–Neuron Interactions in Nervous System Function
... the cell types under study are fundamentally similar. Neurons are, in some sense, easier to define than glia. Although these cells come in myriad shapes and sizes, they share a number of basic properties. Neurons conduct fast currents and connect to other neurons, or to terminal cells (such as muscl ...
... the cell types under study are fundamentally similar. Neurons are, in some sense, easier to define than glia. Although these cells come in myriad shapes and sizes, they share a number of basic properties. Neurons conduct fast currents and connect to other neurons, or to terminal cells (such as muscl ...
31 Relating the Activity of Sensory Neurons to Perception
... internal criterion, or willingness to make certain types of errors. In the light-detection task, some subjects might be willing to falsely report seeing a flash if they are unsure, while others will only report seeing the flash if they are absolutely certain. Therefore, most studies focus only on ch ...
... internal criterion, or willingness to make certain types of errors. In the light-detection task, some subjects might be willing to falsely report seeing a flash if they are unsure, while others will only report seeing the flash if they are absolutely certain. Therefore, most studies focus only on ch ...
Morphology of Feedback Neurons in the Mushroom Body of the
... Wild-Polyvar microscope (Leica, Bensheim, Germany). For this study, 28 specimens were evaluated. Each consisted of 1–20 marked neurons; thus, more than 200 neurons were stained and analyzed. According to their branching patterns, the feedback neurons could be classified into different classes. Howev ...
... Wild-Polyvar microscope (Leica, Bensheim, Germany). For this study, 28 specimens were evaluated. Each consisted of 1–20 marked neurons; thus, more than 200 neurons were stained and analyzed. According to their branching patterns, the feedback neurons could be classified into different classes. Howev ...
A Dendritic Disinhibitory Circuit Mechanism for Pathway
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Feb. 28, 2016; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/041673. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Feb. 28, 2016; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/041673. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
Background Paper 3 - Yale School of Medicine
... determined by EM counts correlates with the capacity to learn delayed nonmatching-tosample (DNMS), the relationship is stronger when behavior is correlated with thin spine density17. Furthermore, the mean size of the spine head in thin spines correlates with the capacity to learn DNMS for a given mo ...
... determined by EM counts correlates with the capacity to learn delayed nonmatching-tosample (DNMS), the relationship is stronger when behavior is correlated with thin spine density17. Furthermore, the mean size of the spine head in thin spines correlates with the capacity to learn DNMS for a given mo ...
Patterning and axon guidance of cranial motor neurons
... r1, r2 and r3 (in mice) or r2 and r3 (in chicks), the facial nucleus (nucleus VII; BM and VM neurons) lies in r4 and r5, the glossopharyngeal nucleus (nucleus IX; BM and VM neurons) lies in r6 (in mice) or r6 and r7 (in chicks), and the vagus nucleus (nucleus X; BM and VM neurons) and cranial access ...
... r1, r2 and r3 (in mice) or r2 and r3 (in chicks), the facial nucleus (nucleus VII; BM and VM neurons) lies in r4 and r5, the glossopharyngeal nucleus (nucleus IX; BM and VM neurons) lies in r6 (in mice) or r6 and r7 (in chicks), and the vagus nucleus (nucleus X; BM and VM neurons) and cranial access ...
Functional Selectivity and Antidepressant Activity of Serotonin 1A
... in the amygdala, superior colliculus, piriform cortex, and interpeduncular nucleus, as well as in several hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei. Activation of 5-HT1A heteroreceptors on these distinct neurons mediates hyperpolarizing response to released serotonin and usually reduces neuronal excitability ...
... in the amygdala, superior colliculus, piriform cortex, and interpeduncular nucleus, as well as in several hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei. Activation of 5-HT1A heteroreceptors on these distinct neurons mediates hyperpolarizing response to released serotonin and usually reduces neuronal excitability ...