Frontal lobe and cognitive development
... The precise functional role of the connections of the prefrontal cortex is not entirely known, but can be inferred from the functional role of the structures with which it is connected. In general terms, the prefrontal-limbic connections are involved in the control of emotional behavior, whereas the ...
... The precise functional role of the connections of the prefrontal cortex is not entirely known, but can be inferred from the functional role of the structures with which it is connected. In general terms, the prefrontal-limbic connections are involved in the control of emotional behavior, whereas the ...
Sound processing by local neural populations in the
... numbers of synaptically connected neurons. The combination of the computation individual neurons perform on their input with the pattern of flow of activation between the neurons create population activation patterns which underlie perception and are largely unknown. However, studies have shown that ...
... numbers of synaptically connected neurons. The combination of the computation individual neurons perform on their input with the pattern of flow of activation between the neurons create population activation patterns which underlie perception and are largely unknown. However, studies have shown that ...
Monoaminergic dysfunction in recreational users of
... absolute CBF was computed following methods previously described (Chalela et al., 2000). The images were averaged over 100 volumes (10 min) to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), creating average CBF maps from the baseline and post-challenge scans. One scan from the dAMPH group was excluded du ...
... absolute CBF was computed following methods previously described (Chalela et al., 2000). The images were averaged over 100 volumes (10 min) to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), creating average CBF maps from the baseline and post-challenge scans. One scan from the dAMPH group was excluded du ...
The Physiology and psychology of pain
... When the afferent impulse reach the spinal cord, a reflex loop is formed within the tract to activate the muscles necessary to remove your hand or finger from the stimulus. The remaining impulses of the reflex continue on to the brain, where they are translated as pain, and you respond by saying “ ...
... When the afferent impulse reach the spinal cord, a reflex loop is formed within the tract to activate the muscles necessary to remove your hand or finger from the stimulus. The remaining impulses of the reflex continue on to the brain, where they are translated as pain, and you respond by saying “ ...
A neuronal network model of primary visual cortex explains spatial
... here we offer a different explanation: cortical suppression of non-preferred responses. This idea was proposed originally based on experimental results (cf. Bredfeldt and Ringach 2002; Ringach et al. 2002b). Cortical selectivity in the model comes about because of nonlinear suppression caused by cor ...
... here we offer a different explanation: cortical suppression of non-preferred responses. This idea was proposed originally based on experimental results (cf. Bredfeldt and Ringach 2002; Ringach et al. 2002b). Cortical selectivity in the model comes about because of nonlinear suppression caused by cor ...
The Superior Olivary Nucleus and Its Influence on Nucleus
... All recordings were performed at room temperature (22–23°C). Patch pipettes were drawn from 75 ml hematocrit tubing (V W R Scientific, San Francisco, CA) using a two-stage electrode puller. The pipette tips were heat polished and had resistances between 4 and 8 MV (DC). Pipettes were filled with int ...
... All recordings were performed at room temperature (22–23°C). Patch pipettes were drawn from 75 ml hematocrit tubing (V W R Scientific, San Francisco, CA) using a two-stage electrode puller. The pipette tips were heat polished and had resistances between 4 and 8 MV (DC). Pipettes were filled with int ...
neural_networks
... neural network : an organized system of neurons Operate on patterns in very high-dimensional spaces—e.g., many neurons in the neocortex receive 5,000-20,000 excitatory inputs and thus process patterns in 5,000-20,000 dimensions. Each neuron is part of a network that processes information in an even ...
... neural network : an organized system of neurons Operate on patterns in very high-dimensional spaces—e.g., many neurons in the neocortex receive 5,000-20,000 excitatory inputs and thus process patterns in 5,000-20,000 dimensions. Each neuron is part of a network that processes information in an even ...
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... review, we highlight recent advances in two species, the nematode C. elegans and the zebrafish D. rerio, that have unveiled genetic pathways required for establishing brain asymmetry. We first discuss the specification of the left and right amphid wing ‘C’ (AWC) neurons of the C. elegans olfactory s ...
... review, we highlight recent advances in two species, the nematode C. elegans and the zebrafish D. rerio, that have unveiled genetic pathways required for establishing brain asymmetry. We first discuss the specification of the left and right amphid wing ‘C’ (AWC) neurons of the C. elegans olfactory s ...
Modulation of early cortical processing during divided attention to
... movements. All had normal or corrected-to-normal vision. The experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and conformed to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent and received a m ...
... movements. All had normal or corrected-to-normal vision. The experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and conformed to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent and received a m ...
Movement-Related Neuronal Activity Selectively - Research
... the putamen (Crutcher and DeLong 1984a) and globus pallidus (Mitchell et al. 1987), of primates have been carried out with the use of motor tasks that dissociated the direction of limb movement from the pattern of muscle activity. In both areas the activity of substantial proportions of movement-rel ...
... the putamen (Crutcher and DeLong 1984a) and globus pallidus (Mitchell et al. 1987), of primates have been carried out with the use of motor tasks that dissociated the direction of limb movement from the pattern of muscle activity. In both areas the activity of substantial proportions of movement-rel ...
Imitation: is cognitive neuroscience solving the correspondence
... development: ideomotor theory (IM) (Figure 1b), which subsumes imitation within a general account of motor control [5–7], and the associative sequence learning model (ASL) (Figure 1c), which claims that the capacity to imitate is a product of general processes of associative learning [1,8]. IM assum ...
... development: ideomotor theory (IM) (Figure 1b), which subsumes imitation within a general account of motor control [5–7], and the associative sequence learning model (ASL) (Figure 1c), which claims that the capacity to imitate is a product of general processes of associative learning [1,8]. IM assum ...
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
... life, as the maturation of the brain and the formation of new and increasingly complex associative and temporary connections. Word is generally combined with other direct stimuli, and as a result it becomes one of the components of the complex: "... a word Conversion" alarm signal "occurs at the en ...
... life, as the maturation of the brain and the formation of new and increasingly complex associative and temporary connections. Word is generally combined with other direct stimuli, and as a result it becomes one of the components of the complex: "... a word Conversion" alarm signal "occurs at the en ...
Pain - You Can Do It!
... long , the extremes represents the limits of pain experience, one is defined as "NO PAIN" and the other as "SEVER PAIN", the distance between them represents the pain severity. Pain Charts: can be used to establish spatial properties of pain. McGill Pain Questionnaire: is a tool with 78 words th ...
... long , the extremes represents the limits of pain experience, one is defined as "NO PAIN" and the other as "SEVER PAIN", the distance between them represents the pain severity. Pain Charts: can be used to establish spatial properties of pain. McGill Pain Questionnaire: is a tool with 78 words th ...
New Vistas on Amygdala Networks in Conditioned Fear
... studies have been confirmed in humans with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques (Buchel et al. 1998; LaBar et al. 1998; Whalen et al. 1998), increasing the relevance of the animal model. Third, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the mechanisms underlying Pavlovian fear cond ...
... studies have been confirmed in humans with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques (Buchel et al. 1998; LaBar et al. 1998; Whalen et al. 1998), increasing the relevance of the animal model. Third, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the mechanisms underlying Pavlovian fear cond ...
Opposite Effects of Amphetamine Self
... basal and drug-induced changes in metabolic activity (Volkow et al., 1992; Paulus et al., 2002; Adinoff et al., 2003; Bolla et al., 2003), DA receptor levels (Volkow et al., 1993; London et al., 2000) and gray matter volume in OFC (Fein et al., 2002; Franklin et al., 2002; Matochik et al., 2003). Fu ...
... basal and drug-induced changes in metabolic activity (Volkow et al., 1992; Paulus et al., 2002; Adinoff et al., 2003; Bolla et al., 2003), DA receptor levels (Volkow et al., 1993; London et al., 2000) and gray matter volume in OFC (Fein et al., 2002; Franklin et al., 2002; Matochik et al., 2003). Fu ...
Opposite Effects of Amphetamine Self
... basal and drug-induced changes in metabolic activity (Volkow et al., 1992; Paulus et al., 2002; Adinoff et al., 2003; Bolla et al., 2003), DA receptor levels (Volkow et al., 1993; London et al., 2000) and gray matter volume in OFC (Fein et al., 2002; Franklin et al., 2002; Matochik et al., 2003). Fu ...
... basal and drug-induced changes in metabolic activity (Volkow et al., 1992; Paulus et al., 2002; Adinoff et al., 2003; Bolla et al., 2003), DA receptor levels (Volkow et al., 1993; London et al., 2000) and gray matter volume in OFC (Fein et al., 2002; Franklin et al., 2002; Matochik et al., 2003). Fu ...
The basis of the stress reaction
... responses. In extreme understanding, stress can be anything that contributes to virtually any disease in humans3. In our view, stress is the body’s response to strain (inner or outer). This response is characterized by stress response elements that could have both positive impact (eustress)4 or a ne ...
... responses. In extreme understanding, stress can be anything that contributes to virtually any disease in humans3. In our view, stress is the body’s response to strain (inner or outer). This response is characterized by stress response elements that could have both positive impact (eustress)4 or a ne ...
Prevalent Presence of Periodic Actin-spectrin-based
... neuronal subtypes exhibited a periodic distribution of βII spectrin in their axons, with a spacing of ~190 nm. Autocorrelation analyses showed that the degree of periodicity (i.e. autocorrelation amplitude) was similar among most of these excitatory and inhibitory neurons (Fig. 2J, K). Two exception ...
... neuronal subtypes exhibited a periodic distribution of βII spectrin in their axons, with a spacing of ~190 nm. Autocorrelation analyses showed that the degree of periodicity (i.e. autocorrelation amplitude) was similar among most of these excitatory and inhibitory neurons (Fig. 2J, K). Two exception ...
Mapping Pavlovian Conditioning Effects on the Brain: Blocking
... three types of theories emphasize either CS, US or CR behavioral mechanisms, their implications can be considered in light of functional neural data. For example, differences in neural modification of CS pathways by excitor and blocked CSs would provide support for CS inattention interpretations of ...
... three types of theories emphasize either CS, US or CR behavioral mechanisms, their implications can be considered in light of functional neural data. For example, differences in neural modification of CS pathways by excitor and blocked CSs would provide support for CS inattention interpretations of ...
Formation of Neuronal Pathways in the lmaginal Discs of Drosophila
... are now located at the very tip of the leg and the two pathways formed by their axons run side by side along the length of the leg down to the base. A4 joins the anterior pathway at the level of the second tarsal segment, and P2 joins the posterior pathway at the level of the tibia segment. At this ...
... are now located at the very tip of the leg and the two pathways formed by their axons run side by side along the length of the leg down to the base. A4 joins the anterior pathway at the level of the second tarsal segment, and P2 joins the posterior pathway at the level of the tibia segment. At this ...
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... Therefore, the subthalamic hyperactivity occurring in PD also has repercussions on residual neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. In addition to being a neurotransmitter, glutamate can also be a toxin. Excessive stimulation of the glutamate receptor, particularly the N-methylD-aspartate sub ...
... Therefore, the subthalamic hyperactivity occurring in PD also has repercussions on residual neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. In addition to being a neurotransmitter, glutamate can also be a toxin. Excessive stimulation of the glutamate receptor, particularly the N-methylD-aspartate sub ...
Building silicon nervous systems with dendritic tree neuromorphs
... Essential to an understanding of a brain is an understanding of the signaling taking place within it [Koch, 1997]. Questions as to the nature of neural codes are being tackled by collecting electrophysiological data and analyzing trains of action potentials or spikes for the information that they co ...
... Essential to an understanding of a brain is an understanding of the signaling taking place within it [Koch, 1997]. Questions as to the nature of neural codes are being tackled by collecting electrophysiological data and analyzing trains of action potentials or spikes for the information that they co ...
Hypothalamic pathways linking energy balance and reproduction
... Leptin. The cloning of the ob gene in 1994 by Friedman and associates resulted in the discovery of another physiologically important adiposity signal secreted by fat tissue: leptin (100). Mice and humans lacking leptin (ob/ob mice) or the leptin receptor (db/db mice) develop hyperphagic morbid obesi ...
... Leptin. The cloning of the ob gene in 1994 by Friedman and associates resulted in the discovery of another physiologically important adiposity signal secreted by fat tissue: leptin (100). Mice and humans lacking leptin (ob/ob mice) or the leptin receptor (db/db mice) develop hyperphagic morbid obesi ...
C-fos Expression in the Pons and Medulla of the Cat during
... the EEG. Another pair of screws were threaded into the orbital portion of the frontal bone to monitor electro-oculographic (EGG) activity. Bipolar strut electrodes were implanted bilaterally into the lateral geniculate nuclei [A 5.5, L 9, H 5, according to Berman’s (1968) coordinates]; these electro ...
... the EEG. Another pair of screws were threaded into the orbital portion of the frontal bone to monitor electro-oculographic (EGG) activity. Bipolar strut electrodes were implanted bilaterally into the lateral geniculate nuclei [A 5.5, L 9, H 5, according to Berman’s (1968) coordinates]; these electro ...
The Brain and Nervous Systems
... Average sex differences in the brain do exist. However: • Many supposed differences are stereotypes. • May not produce a difference in behavior or performance. • Do not account for differences in behavior across situations. • Some differences can be the result rather than the cause of behavioral dif ...
... Average sex differences in the brain do exist. However: • Many supposed differences are stereotypes. • May not produce a difference in behavior or performance. • Do not account for differences in behavior across situations. • Some differences can be the result rather than the cause of behavioral dif ...