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Layer II/III of the Prefrontal Cortex: Inhibition by the Serotonin
Layer II/III of the Prefrontal Cortex: Inhibition by the Serotonin

... Adult social isolation. In adulthood (⬎P55), both control and early life stress animals were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups: adult social isolation or adult control group. There were a total of four experimental groups: Control (C) (male: 3 pups from 2 dams; female: 3 pups from ...
Canty, J Neurosci 2009 - Carlos Ibanez Lab @ KI
Canty, J Neurosci 2009 - Carlos Ibanez Lab @ KI

... in wild-type controls that were processed at the same time and imaged by confocal microscopy under identical conditions. vGAT pixel intensity was measured in 6 quadrants from 2 separate images within each hole (or pseudohole) and individually adjusted for background using average pixel intensities f ...
Conductance-Based Model of the Voltage
Conductance-Based Model of the Voltage

... from, for example, the cortex (Magill et al. 2000). STN neurons, however, have intrinsic membrane properties that can produce more complex firing patterns. In a subset of STN neurons, the generation of a plateau potential, a long-lasting depolarizing potential, have been reported in several studies ...
$doc.title

... neuroscience,   and   equip   you   with   the   tools   to   extrapolate   this   knowledge   into   areas   that   are  not  covered  by  the  course.  At  the  end  of  this  module  you  should  be  able  to  read  and   understan ...
- CUNY Academic Works
- CUNY Academic Works

... (VTA) and projects to forebrain regions such as the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), amygdala (AMG) and prefrontal cortex (PFC). These forebrain regions will be referred to as the DA terminal regions. The neural mechanisms underlying this type of rewardrelated learning in this system are not fully understo ...
Severely dystrophic axons at amyloid plaques
Severely dystrophic axons at amyloid plaques

... to it. Axons, no matter how dystrophic, remained continuous and initially morphologically normal outside the plaque region, reflecting support by metabolically active cell bodies and continued axonal transport. Immunochemical and ultrastructural studies showed dystrophic axons were tightly associated ...
NEURAL ACTIVITY RELATED TO ANTICIPATED REWARD:
NEURAL ACTIVITY RELATED TO ANTICIPATED REWARD:

... supplementary eye fields, premotor cortex and the supplementary motor area, when monitored in the context of the variable-delay task, was found to depend on the length of the anticipated delay (Roesch and Olson, 2005). Firing tended to be stronger in anticipation of a short delay just as it tended t ...
A Novel Mechanism and Treatment Target for Presynaptic
A Novel Mechanism and Treatment Target for Presynaptic

... Samples were obtained from the Macedonian/New York State Psychiatric Institute Brain Collection. Tissue collection and screening details can be found in Supplementary Materials and Methods (I). The frozen tissue series consisted of 15 subjects with schizophrenia or other related illness (13 patients ...
physiological plasticity in auditory cortex: rapid induction by learning
physiological plasticity in auditory cortex: rapid induction by learning

... and Diamond, in press), and wherever possible, are referenced in the text rather than repeated here. 2. Perspectives on Neuroplasticity Neuroplasticity has become a major focus in contemporary neurobiology. It is widely studied at several levels--subcellular, cellular, neuronal systems, behavioral-- ...
Sleep/Neurology-The Orexin System
Sleep/Neurology-The Orexin System

... ORX-A is highly lipophilic, crosses the BBB via simple diffusion and is stable in the CSF ...
highlighted topics - American Journal of Physiology
highlighted topics - American Journal of Physiology

... continues to run unperturbed in the presence of tetrodotoxin, which blocks these action potentials (75, 88). Because electrical discharge represents one of the pacemaker’s outputs and because the nature of the coupling between the circadian pacemaker and firing rate is not known, there may be some e ...
Time course of the development of motor behaviors in the zebrafish
Time course of the development of motor behaviors in the zebrafish

... VCR (Panasonic S-VHS), which was sufficient to resolve the direction, speed, and duration of slow, spontaneous contractions. For the resolution of fast movements, e.g., during touch responses, the specimen was illuminated by a strobe light set to 250 Hz (Strobotac 1531-A; General Radio Co.), permitt ...
Somatosensory System Organization and Texture Sensation in Rats
Somatosensory System Organization and Texture Sensation in Rats

... than do the primary sensory fields for vision and audition. And within primary somatosensory cortex, the whisker field is disproportionately large. Although this can be interpreted as a greater magnification of the whiskers’ cortical representation with respect to that of other body parts (i.e., in ...
Local network regulation of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus
Local network regulation of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus

... (99), and analgesia (17). Many of orexin’s known behavioral effects, such as stimulation of food intake, wheel running, and spontaneous physical activity can be induced by local injection of orexins into the LH/PFA (27, 60, 61, 79, 111, 113, 116, 125). An orexin injection into the LH/PFA also result ...
The Optic Tectum in Fishes
The Optic Tectum in Fishes

... the relatively small, retinotopically ordered MURFs of superficial tectum, instead taking a bewildering variety of forms. In the various cyprinid and perciform species investigated, tectal cell receptive fields probed with flashed or moving spots of light vary greatly in size, ranging from roughly c ...
Focal local field potential (LFP) signature of the single
Focal local field potential (LFP) signature of the single

... model predicted the magnitude of the stLFP signals to rapidly decay in the lateral directions outside the synaptically activated cortical regions, demonstrating that the measurement of such signals indeed provides a very local measure of neural activity as observed experimentally (Swadlow and Gusev, ...
Focal local field potential (LFP) signature of the single
Focal local field potential (LFP) signature of the single

... model predicted the magnitude of the stLFP signals to rapidly decay in the lateral directions outside the synaptically activated cortical regions, demonstrating that the measurement of such signals indeed provides a very local measure of neural activity as observed experimentally (Swadlow and Gusev, ...
Extended PDF
Extended PDF

... auditory areas. Only higher parietal cortices (IPS0–IPS4) were governed by the classical reliability-driven reweighting with more weight being given to the auditory signal when the visual signal was unreliable. Whereas IPS0–4 mainly represented the location of the visual signal for high visual relia ...
Visual Adaptation: Physiology, Mechanisms, and Functional Benefits
Visual Adaptation: Physiology, Mechanisms, and Functional Benefits

... In principle, the visual system could adjust to recent sensory input independently at each processing stage or perhaps whenever a large number of presynaptic signals are pooled (Baccus and Meister 2004). Alternatively, it could implement effects early in the processing stream and pass this altered r ...
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Molecular Switches Regulating CNS
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Molecular Switches Regulating CNS

... targets [9, 32, 33]. On the basis of all of these studies, manipulation of a single factor of intrinsic or extrinsic cues of a particular neuronal population may be sufficient to activate the Rho family GTPase intracellular signalling pathway, leading to actin depolymerisation in axon growth cones and ...
Glial cells modulate the synaptic transmission of NTS neurons
Glial cells modulate the synaptic transmission of NTS neurons

... were recorded using whole cell patch clamp. Tractus solitarius (TS) stimulation induced TS-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (TS-eEPSCs) in NTSVLM neurons as well in NTS putative astrocytes, which were also identified by previous labeling. Fluoracetate (FAC), an inhibitor of glial metabolism, ...
Aerobic Glycolysis in the Frontal Cortex Correlates with Memory
Aerobic Glycolysis in the Frontal Cortex Correlates with Memory

... Aerobic glycolysis and lactate production in the brain plays a key role in memory, yet the role of this metabolism in the cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains poorly understood. Here we examined the relationship between cerebral lactate levels and memory performance in ...
Different levels of Ih determine distinct temporal integration in
Different levels of Ih determine distinct temporal integration in

... neurons determines the temporal integration of evoked synaptic input from the CA1 area. In response to stimulation at 50 Hz, bursting neurons, with a large I h , show ∼50% less temporal summation than regular-spiking neurons. The amount of temporal summation in both neuronal classes is equal after p ...
INDUCTION AND RECOVERY TIME COURSE OF RAT BRAIN
INDUCTION AND RECOVERY TIME COURSE OF RAT BRAIN

Neuronal calcium-binding proteins 1/2 localize to dorsal root ganglia
Neuronal calcium-binding proteins 1/2 localize to dorsal root ganglia

... The authors declare no conflict of interest. ...
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Metastability in the brain

In the field of computational neuroscience, the theory of metastability refers to the human brain’s ability to integrate several functional parts and to produce neural oscillations in a cooperative and coordinated manner, providing the basis for conscious activity.Metastability, a state in which signals (such as oscillatory waves) fall outside their natural equilibrium state but persist for an extended period of time, is a principle that describes the brain’s ability to make sense out of seemingly random environmental cues. In the past 25 years, interest in metastability and the underlying framework of nonlinear dynamics has been fueled by advancements in the methods by which computers model brain activity.
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