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The subthalamic nucleus in the context of movement disorders
... post-synaptic potential; GPe = globus pallidus externus; GPi = globus pallidus internus; HFS = high frequency stimulation; IPSP = inhibitory post-synaptic potential; mGluR = multiple glutamate receptors; MPTP = 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6tetrahydropyridine; NMDA = N-methyl-D-aspartate; Pf = parafascic ...
... post-synaptic potential; GPe = globus pallidus externus; GPi = globus pallidus internus; HFS = high frequency stimulation; IPSP = inhibitory post-synaptic potential; mGluR = multiple glutamate receptors; MPTP = 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6tetrahydropyridine; NMDA = N-methyl-D-aspartate; Pf = parafascic ...
Experimental spinal cord transplantation as a mechanism of
... regeneration. Damage to the connections between the motor neurons of the ventral spinal cord and the peripheral musculature is also amenable to repair by fetal grafting. New motor neurons derived from whole pieces of fetal spinal cord or enriched neuronal grafts implanted in the ventral hom of adult ...
... regeneration. Damage to the connections between the motor neurons of the ventral spinal cord and the peripheral musculature is also amenable to repair by fetal grafting. New motor neurons derived from whole pieces of fetal spinal cord or enriched neuronal grafts implanted in the ventral hom of adult ...
Down - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... refractory time has been included. The solid line represents the probability density function of the exponential distribution when scaled to fit the normalized histogram of the spike train. Note hat the discrepancy for small interspike intervals is due to the inclusion of a refractory time. ...
... refractory time has been included. The solid line represents the probability density function of the exponential distribution when scaled to fit the normalized histogram of the spike train. Note hat the discrepancy for small interspike intervals is due to the inclusion of a refractory time. ...
The natural hallucinogen 5-MeO-DMT, component of Ayahuasca
... 5-HT2A-R agonist DOI (Celada et al., 2008), markedly disrupt cortical function in rodents. increasing pyramidal neuron discharge and reducing low frequency cortical oscillations (LFCO) in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) (see (Celada et al., 2013) for review). Here we examined the effects of 5-MeO-DM ...
... 5-HT2A-R agonist DOI (Celada et al., 2008), markedly disrupt cortical function in rodents. increasing pyramidal neuron discharge and reducing low frequency cortical oscillations (LFCO) in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) (see (Celada et al., 2013) for review). Here we examined the effects of 5-MeO-DM ...
Article - Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
... the SP, and send pioneering subcortical projections toward the thalamus, forming the first corticofugal tract (Allendoerfer and Shatz, 1994; McConnell et al., 1989). The thalamus is also the target of layer VI CTh neurons, which are born around E12.5. Although SP neurons and CTh neurons share the sa ...
... the SP, and send pioneering subcortical projections toward the thalamus, forming the first corticofugal tract (Allendoerfer and Shatz, 1994; McConnell et al., 1989). The thalamus is also the target of layer VI CTh neurons, which are born around E12.5. Although SP neurons and CTh neurons share the sa ...
BMC Neuroscience Serial pathways from primate prefrontal cortex to autonomic areas
... (Fig. 2B; Table 1, case AX), which has robust and bidirectional connections with prefrontal cortices [5]. We then mapped projection neurons which originated most densely in posterior orbitofrontal (areas 13, 25, O12) and medial (areas 24, 32, 14) prefrontal areas, leading to the hypothalamus (Fig. 2 ...
... (Fig. 2B; Table 1, case AX), which has robust and bidirectional connections with prefrontal cortices [5]. We then mapped projection neurons which originated most densely in posterior orbitofrontal (areas 13, 25, O12) and medial (areas 24, 32, 14) prefrontal areas, leading to the hypothalamus (Fig. 2 ...
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 3
... Figure 3.4 The sodium and potassium gradients for a resting membrane. Sodium ions are concentrated outside the neuron; potassium ions are concentrated inside. Because of the negatively charged protein ions inside the neuron, the inside of the cell is negatively charged relative to the outside of the ...
... Figure 3.4 The sodium and potassium gradients for a resting membrane. Sodium ions are concentrated outside the neuron; potassium ions are concentrated inside. Because of the negatively charged protein ions inside the neuron, the inside of the cell is negatively charged relative to the outside of the ...
Auditory Neurons in the Dorsal Cortex of the Inferior Colliculus
... the auditory nerve. The cochlear nucleus is subdivided into ventral and dorsal divisions (VCN and DCN, respectively). The ventral division can be further subdivided into the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), and the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN). Each division of the CN receives ...
... the auditory nerve. The cochlear nucleus is subdivided into ventral and dorsal divisions (VCN and DCN, respectively). The ventral division can be further subdivided into the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), and the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN). Each division of the CN receives ...
Circadian clocks in crustaceans: identified neuronal and cellular systems
... are referred to as ultradian. The circadian rhythm has been assumed to be the basic unit of all these rhythms (10), but evidence has been provided that some circadian rhythms at least during certain developmental stages in crustaceans or in distinct sensory neurons result from the coupling of higher ...
... are referred to as ultradian. The circadian rhythm has been assumed to be the basic unit of all these rhythms (10), but evidence has been provided that some circadian rhythms at least during certain developmental stages in crustaceans or in distinct sensory neurons result from the coupling of higher ...
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... Recently, interest has grown in how the habenula, a poorly understood nucleus providing descending inputs to the tegmentum and raphe, may affect these behavioral states. We have used mouse genetic models to study part of this system, the dorsal medial habenula (dMHb). Here we report that the dMHb is ...
... Recently, interest has grown in how the habenula, a poorly understood nucleus providing descending inputs to the tegmentum and raphe, may affect these behavioral states. We have used mouse genetic models to study part of this system, the dorsal medial habenula (dMHb). Here we report that the dMHb is ...
cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses
... statistical analyses described below. Data from subjects who chose option 8 were removed from the analyses involving hours of VGP. This method seems to be a crude way for assessing the amount of VGP. However, it is widely used and has been validated in the field (see Discussion and References of meth ...
... statistical analyses described below. Data from subjects who chose option 8 were removed from the analyses involving hours of VGP. This method seems to be a crude way for assessing the amount of VGP. However, it is widely used and has been validated in the field (see Discussion and References of meth ...
NUCLEI-SPECIFIC RESPONSE TO PAIN IN THE BED NUCLEUS OF THE By
... connected to the amygdala through a highly specific fibre tract is the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST). The BST is a limbic forebrain structure consisting of approximately 12 highly interconnected nuclei that is connected directly to the BLA and CeA of the amygdala through the stria termin ...
... connected to the amygdala through a highly specific fibre tract is the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST). The BST is a limbic forebrain structure consisting of approximately 12 highly interconnected nuclei that is connected directly to the BLA and CeA of the amygdala through the stria termin ...
to the Proceedings
... Information storage in the brain requires neural circuits that allow for meaningful computations and modes of plasticity that can change the routing and processing of activity patterns. These changes require certain constraints in order to retain information specificity. It is therefore widely hypot ...
... Information storage in the brain requires neural circuits that allow for meaningful computations and modes of plasticity that can change the routing and processing of activity patterns. These changes require certain constraints in order to retain information specificity. It is therefore widely hypot ...
Neural Activity in Macaque Parietal Cortex Reflects
... 1Section of Neurobiology, Center for Perceptual Systems, and Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and 2Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology and Biophysics and National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington ...
... 1Section of Neurobiology, Center for Perceptual Systems, and Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and 2Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology and Biophysics and National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington ...
Role of the Human Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the Control of
... the task. In the baseline scan, the subjects were not required to execute any responses other than fixating the center of the screen. &%MZU/ tcrsL~. In the manual task, one of three response keys had to be pressed according to the particular visual stimulus shown. Stimuli cuing the responses (simple ...
... the task. In the baseline scan, the subjects were not required to execute any responses other than fixating the center of the screen. &%MZU/ tcrsL~. In the manual task, one of three response keys had to be pressed according to the particular visual stimulus shown. Stimuli cuing the responses (simple ...
Pathways for emotions and memory prefrontal cortices in the rhesus monkey
... Projections from the cortex were more widely distributed than the labeled thalamocortical projection neurons. Likewise, projections from orbital area 12 terminated in a large and dense patch in the dorsomedial part of AM (Fig. 3, bottom, A–D, case MBY). Several clusters of projection neurons were su ...
... Projections from the cortex were more widely distributed than the labeled thalamocortical projection neurons. Likewise, projections from orbital area 12 terminated in a large and dense patch in the dorsomedial part of AM (Fig. 3, bottom, A–D, case MBY). Several clusters of projection neurons were su ...
Cystatin C prevents degeneration of rat nigral dopaminergic neurons
... loss in the fetal mesencephalic cultures, an effect which could be partially reversed by treatment with cystatin C. Moreover, in vivo DA neurons survival study showed that administration of cystatin C in rats with 6OHDA-induced lesion partially rescued the nigral DA neurons. The results indicate tha ...
... loss in the fetal mesencephalic cultures, an effect which could be partially reversed by treatment with cystatin C. Moreover, in vivo DA neurons survival study showed that administration of cystatin C in rats with 6OHDA-induced lesion partially rescued the nigral DA neurons. The results indicate tha ...
Reverse pharmacology of orexin
... these cells during wakefulness. Orexin neurons might activate another type of cholinergic neurons in the PPT and LDT, which are active in wakefulness as well as the REM-sleep period. Recent work also shows that orexin inhibits cholinergic neurons in the PPT via activation of GABAergic local interneu ...
... these cells during wakefulness. Orexin neurons might activate another type of cholinergic neurons in the PPT and LDT, which are active in wakefulness as well as the REM-sleep period. Recent work also shows that orexin inhibits cholinergic neurons in the PPT via activation of GABAergic local interneu ...
Modulation of Inhibitory Synaptic Potentials in the Piriform Cortex
... intrinsic properties of individual neurons. However, the network dynamics of these simplified representations show many qualitative features in common with spiking network models, including attractor dynamics (Fransen and Lansner 1995; Hansel and Sompolinsky 1998; Pinto et al. 1996), and the results ...
... intrinsic properties of individual neurons. However, the network dynamics of these simplified representations show many qualitative features in common with spiking network models, including attractor dynamics (Fransen and Lansner 1995; Hansel and Sompolinsky 1998; Pinto et al. 1996), and the results ...
Dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum form an
... brain, just ~30,000 dopamine neurons reside in these nuclei (Zaborszky and Vadasz, 2001). As with other monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain such as serotonin and noradrenaline, this small population of midbrain dopamine neurons exerts its influence over much of the brain as a neuromodulator. Ho ...
... brain, just ~30,000 dopamine neurons reside in these nuclei (Zaborszky and Vadasz, 2001). As with other monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain such as serotonin and noradrenaline, this small population of midbrain dopamine neurons exerts its influence over much of the brain as a neuromodulator. Ho ...
BASAL GANGLIA
... Usually results from CVA (Cerebrovascular Accident) involving subthalamic nucleus ...
... Usually results from CVA (Cerebrovascular Accident) involving subthalamic nucleus ...
BASAL GANGLIA
... Usually results from CVA (Cerebrovascular Accident) involving subthalamic nucleus ...
... Usually results from CVA (Cerebrovascular Accident) involving subthalamic nucleus ...
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
... of stimulus–reinforcement (e.g. stimulus–reward) association learning. An Olfactory Representation in the Orbitofrontal Cortex Takagi, Tanabe and colleagues (Takagi, 1991) described single neurons in the macaque orbitofrontal cortex that were activated by odors. A ventral frontal region has been im ...
... of stimulus–reinforcement (e.g. stimulus–reward) association learning. An Olfactory Representation in the Orbitofrontal Cortex Takagi, Tanabe and colleagues (Takagi, 1991) described single neurons in the macaque orbitofrontal cortex that were activated by odors. A ventral frontal region has been im ...
Autometallographic Tracing of Bismuth in Human Brain Autopsies
... (13). Axonal transport of silver and mercury has previously been shown to take place (19–22). This transport mechanism of toxic metals is important from a toxicological point of view in that it represents a pathway of entry into the CNS that circumvents the blood-brain barrier. However, bismuth upta ...
... (13). Axonal transport of silver and mercury has previously been shown to take place (19–22). This transport mechanism of toxic metals is important from a toxicological point of view in that it represents a pathway of entry into the CNS that circumvents the blood-brain barrier. However, bismuth upta ...
Developing Standardized Behavioral Tests for
... strain is a change in behavior. As indicated by Nelson and Young (1998, p. 453), however, "correlations among behavioral assessments of knockouts are difficult to make because no standardized behavioral tests are available." Crawley and Pay lor (1997) and Crawley (1999) list a number of behavioral t ...
... strain is a change in behavior. As indicated by Nelson and Young (1998, p. 453), however, "correlations among behavioral assessments of knockouts are difficult to make because no standardized behavioral tests are available." Crawley and Pay lor (1997) and Crawley (1999) list a number of behavioral t ...