Galanin-like peptide: a key player in the homeostatic regulation of
... hormone, which is derived from pro-opiomelanocortin in neurons in the ARC,36 with orexin-1 receptor immunoreactivity also being observed in a few GALP-positive neurons.38 We have previously reported that 3–12% of GALP-positive cells contain a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-like immunoreactivity.36 I ...
... hormone, which is derived from pro-opiomelanocortin in neurons in the ARC,36 with orexin-1 receptor immunoreactivity also being observed in a few GALP-positive neurons.38 We have previously reported that 3–12% of GALP-positive cells contain a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-like immunoreactivity.36 I ...
Magel2 Is Required for Leptin-Mediated Depolarization of POMC
... Prader-Willi Syndrome is the most common syndromic form of human obesity and is caused by the loss of function of several genes, including MAGEL2. Mice lacking Magel2 display increased weight gain with excess adiposity and other defects suggestive of hypothalamic deficiency. We demonstrate Magel2-nu ...
... Prader-Willi Syndrome is the most common syndromic form of human obesity and is caused by the loss of function of several genes, including MAGEL2. Mice lacking Magel2 display increased weight gain with excess adiposity and other defects suggestive of hypothalamic deficiency. We demonstrate Magel2-nu ...
Eyeblink Conditioning During an Interstimulus Interval Switch in
... et al., 2002), we decided to use a lower dose that has a demonstrated efficacy in unmasking short-latency responses in welltrained rabbits for a period of time that is approximately equal to the length of our training session (Garcia & Mauk, 1998). We undertook the present investigation, in part, to ...
... et al., 2002), we decided to use a lower dose that has a demonstrated efficacy in unmasking short-latency responses in welltrained rabbits for a period of time that is approximately equal to the length of our training session (Garcia & Mauk, 1998). We undertook the present investigation, in part, to ...
Goodwin S.F., Taylor, B.J., Villella, A., Foss, M., Ryner, L. C., Baker, B. S., and Hall, J. C.
... the head of a recently identified branch of the sexdetermination hierarchy (Ryner et al. 1996) that is required for most, if not all, steps of male courtship behavior (for reviews see Hall 1994; Taylor et al. 1994; Cobb and Ferveur 1996; Yamamoto et al. 1998). In addition to its male-specific functi ...
... the head of a recently identified branch of the sexdetermination hierarchy (Ryner et al. 1996) that is required for most, if not all, steps of male courtship behavior (for reviews see Hall 1994; Taylor et al. 1994; Cobb and Ferveur 1996; Yamamoto et al. 1998). In addition to its male-specific functi ...
Glia cells, lipid metabolism and Alzheimer`s disease
... dementia, showed an altered astrocytic phenotype. It remains to be determined whether this astrocytic phenotype is the cause or result of AD, but it could indicate that astrocytes contribute to AD as well. Furthermore, a known risk factor for AD is carrying of the ApoE4 allele, a lipoprotein express ...
... dementia, showed an altered astrocytic phenotype. It remains to be determined whether this astrocytic phenotype is the cause or result of AD, but it could indicate that astrocytes contribute to AD as well. Furthermore, a known risk factor for AD is carrying of the ApoE4 allele, a lipoprotein express ...
Rearrangement of microtubule polarity orientation during conversion
... was hard to identify the original dendrite among the complicated network of processes in old cultures, we could find one example of the original dendrite that elongated to form an axon after 3 days of culture. Almost all microtubules were plus end-distal in the most proximal region of the original de ...
... was hard to identify the original dendrite among the complicated network of processes in old cultures, we could find one example of the original dendrite that elongated to form an axon after 3 days of culture. Almost all microtubules were plus end-distal in the most proximal region of the original de ...
Circadian Organization in Hemimetabolous Insects
... rhythm, the bilaterally paired clocks form a functional unit. They interact to produce a stable time structure within individual insects by exchanging photic and temporal information through neural pathways, in which serotonin and pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) are involved as chemical messengers. ...
... rhythm, the bilaterally paired clocks form a functional unit. They interact to produce a stable time structure within individual insects by exchanging photic and temporal information through neural pathways, in which serotonin and pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) are involved as chemical messengers. ...
Learned Helplessness at Fifty: Insights From Neuroscience
... group in the hammock: For this group shock went off when the animal held still, explicitly reinforcing not moving— one step better than superstition. The cognitive theory predicted that these animals would not sit still in the shuttlebox since they had learned that they could control shock; whereas ...
... group in the hammock: For this group shock went off when the animal held still, explicitly reinforcing not moving— one step better than superstition. The cognitive theory predicted that these animals would not sit still in the shuttlebox since they had learned that they could control shock; whereas ...
Cadherin Expression by Embryonic Divisions and
... The expression of three cadherins (cadherin-6B, cadherin-7, and R-cadherin) was studied by immunohistochemistry in the telencephalon of chicken embryos at intermediate stages of development (11 and 15 days of incubation). Expression patterns were related to cytoarchitecture and to previously publish ...
... The expression of three cadherins (cadherin-6B, cadherin-7, and R-cadherin) was studied by immunohistochemistry in the telencephalon of chicken embryos at intermediate stages of development (11 and 15 days of incubation). Expression patterns were related to cytoarchitecture and to previously publish ...
The subfornical organ: A central nervous system site for actions of
... dorsomedial nucleus, and the lateral hypothalamic area (31), and it is clear that leptin signaling in these structures plays a pivotal role in regulating energy balance. The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) leads to the obvious question as to how this peripheral peptide gains access to the ...
... dorsomedial nucleus, and the lateral hypothalamic area (31), and it is clear that leptin signaling in these structures plays a pivotal role in regulating energy balance. The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) leads to the obvious question as to how this peripheral peptide gains access to the ...
table of contents
... myosin, which may decrease force output (27) and decrease peak isometric tension (28) due to a decrease in the number of actin-myosin cross bridges in the strongly-bound state. Additionally, Pi may bind to free Ca2+, forming the precipitate CaPi, which consequently decreases the amount of free Ca2+ ...
... myosin, which may decrease force output (27) and decrease peak isometric tension (28) due to a decrease in the number of actin-myosin cross bridges in the strongly-bound state. Additionally, Pi may bind to free Ca2+, forming the precipitate CaPi, which consequently decreases the amount of free Ca2+ ...
A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia
... neurotoxicity, that occur during adolescence or early adulthood and are necessary for the development of schizophrenia, and may be associated with neurodegenerative changes. Importantly, as several different brain regions are involved in the neuropathology of schizophrenia, new models need to be dev ...
... neurotoxicity, that occur during adolescence or early adulthood and are necessary for the development of schizophrenia, and may be associated with neurodegenerative changes. Importantly, as several different brain regions are involved in the neuropathology of schizophrenia, new models need to be dev ...
The physiological role of orexin/hypocretin neurons in the regulation
... neurons because they are scattered sparsely within the LHA. To address this point, retrograde tracing studies were performed. The non-toxic C-terminal fragment of tetanus toxin (TTC) can be utilized to retrogradely transfer the fused protein to interconnected neurons and transport toward the cell bo ...
... neurons because they are scattered sparsely within the LHA. To address this point, retrograde tracing studies were performed. The non-toxic C-terminal fragment of tetanus toxin (TTC) can be utilized to retrogradely transfer the fused protein to interconnected neurons and transport toward the cell bo ...
Impairment of a parabolic bursting rhythm by the ectopic expression
... bursting activity by rSK2 overexpression is unlikely to be due to reduced spike duration, and is more likely to be due to rSK2-induced slow AHP that decays with a time constant of , 150 ms [14]. It is widely held that slowly activating, voltagedependent currents play a key role in producing the burs ...
... bursting activity by rSK2 overexpression is unlikely to be due to reduced spike duration, and is more likely to be due to rSK2-induced slow AHP that decays with a time constant of , 150 ms [14]. It is widely held that slowly activating, voltagedependent currents play a key role in producing the burs ...
Motor Resonance Meets Motor Performance - Unitn
... premotor areas were present anterior to Brodmann‘s area 4 and that Brodmann‘s area 6 portion of the cortex is not functionally segregated from area 4 but it constitutes a unique complex in which proximal and axial movements are represented. A separate representation of body movements would be found, ...
... premotor areas were present anterior to Brodmann‘s area 4 and that Brodmann‘s area 6 portion of the cortex is not functionally segregated from area 4 but it constitutes a unique complex in which proximal and axial movements are represented. A separate representation of body movements would be found, ...
Cilia development, morphogenesis, and
... beneath the cuticle (Figure 2b). Xt the apex of nosetip, there are six inner labial sensilla each containing two inner labial neurons (IL1 and IL2). The IL1 cilia are embedded and involved in mechanosensation while IL2 cilia are exposed and proposed to be chemosensory (Figure 2c). Lastly, there are ...
... beneath the cuticle (Figure 2b). Xt the apex of nosetip, there are six inner labial sensilla each containing two inner labial neurons (IL1 and IL2). The IL1 cilia are embedded and involved in mechanosensation while IL2 cilia are exposed and proposed to be chemosensory (Figure 2c). Lastly, there are ...
How PACAP CeA Infusion Alters Mechanical and Thermal Sensitivity
... nociceptors are relatively large and are widely distributed in skin and deep tissues, meaning they are often coactivated (Kandel et al., 2013; Purves et al., 2012). The activation of nociceptors eventually leads to the perception of pain. There are two major categories of pain perception: a sharp fi ...
... nociceptors are relatively large and are widely distributed in skin and deep tissues, meaning they are often coactivated (Kandel et al., 2013; Purves et al., 2012). The activation of nociceptors eventually leads to the perception of pain. There are two major categories of pain perception: a sharp fi ...
Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area
... We found that both of these cortical areas are the targets of disynaptic projections from the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum and from the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi). On average, the number of pallidal neurons that project to the SMA and pre-SMA is approximately three to four ti ...
... We found that both of these cortical areas are the targets of disynaptic projections from the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum and from the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi). On average, the number of pallidal neurons that project to the SMA and pre-SMA is approximately three to four ti ...
Kynurenines in CNS disease: regulation by inflammatory cytokines
... function is necessary for BCG-induced IDO activation (O’connor et al., 2009a). Although IFN-γ is regarded as the primary inducer of IDO, there is some evidence that IDO expression can be induced independently of IFN-γ. Systemic LPS administration induces IDO expression in rat cortex and hippocampus ...
... function is necessary for BCG-induced IDO activation (O’connor et al., 2009a). Although IFN-γ is regarded as the primary inducer of IDO, there is some evidence that IDO expression can be induced independently of IFN-γ. Systemic LPS administration induces IDO expression in rat cortex and hippocampus ...
Autonomic nervous system
... • Highly complex system • Controls and helps to maintain balance in all other organ systems Disorders are numerous and often difficult to diagnose and treat © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in ...
... • Highly complex system • Controls and helps to maintain balance in all other organ systems Disorders are numerous and often difficult to diagnose and treat © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in ...
Autonomic nervous system
... • Highly complex system • Controls and helps to maintain balance in all other organ systems Disorders are numerous and often difficult to diagnose and treat © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in ...
... • Highly complex system • Controls and helps to maintain balance in all other organ systems Disorders are numerous and often difficult to diagnose and treat © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in ...
The amygdala - University of Puget Sound
... those traits that are diagnostic of primates, separate from all other mammals. It is an essential first step towards identifying those genomic traits that are unique to humans. In the same way, ground breaking studies of lemur cognition are showing that lemurs have abilities for list memorization an ...
... those traits that are diagnostic of primates, separate from all other mammals. It is an essential first step towards identifying those genomic traits that are unique to humans. In the same way, ground breaking studies of lemur cognition are showing that lemurs have abilities for list memorization an ...
Projections of the paraventricular and paratenial nuclei
... nucleus and subparaventricular zone of the hypothalamus. These results, coupled with the demonstration that PV receives input from all major components of the circadian system including SCN, led Moga et al. (1995) to conclude that, “the anterior PV is ideally situated to relay circadian timing infor ...
... nucleus and subparaventricular zone of the hypothalamus. These results, coupled with the demonstration that PV receives input from all major components of the circadian system including SCN, led Moga et al. (1995) to conclude that, “the anterior PV is ideally situated to relay circadian timing infor ...