hypothalamus, pit..
... sinus, which is just below the hypothalamus, and the site of its venous drainage. As the internal carotid artery emerges from the cavernous sinus, it ends in the middle cerebral artery laterally, the posterior communicating artery caudally, and the anterior cerebral artery rostrally. The anterior ce ...
... sinus, which is just below the hypothalamus, and the site of its venous drainage. As the internal carotid artery emerges from the cavernous sinus, it ends in the middle cerebral artery laterally, the posterior communicating artery caudally, and the anterior cerebral artery rostrally. The anterior ce ...
Local Field Potentials Related to Bimanual Movements in the
... potentials in motor cortex has focused on the relationship of synchronous oscillations to movement and to single unit activity (Sanes and Donoghue, 1993;Eckhorn and Obermueller, 1993;Murthy and Fetz, 1996a;Baker et al., 1999), but the character of the evoked potential in this area and its relationsh ...
... potentials in motor cortex has focused on the relationship of synchronous oscillations to movement and to single unit activity (Sanes and Donoghue, 1993;Eckhorn and Obermueller, 1993;Murthy and Fetz, 1996a;Baker et al., 1999), but the character of the evoked potential in this area and its relationsh ...
Projections from the brain to the spinal cord in the mouse Huazheng
... number of labeled neurons in most areas. Labeled neurons were counted in every seventh section. The cells were counted with a Nikon Eclipse 80i microscope attached to an Optronics camera (Goleta, CA). which was in turn connected to a Dell Precision T3500 workstation using Stereoinvestigator software ...
... number of labeled neurons in most areas. Labeled neurons were counted in every seventh section. The cells were counted with a Nikon Eclipse 80i microscope attached to an Optronics camera (Goleta, CA). which was in turn connected to a Dell Precision T3500 workstation using Stereoinvestigator software ...
Abstract of “Primate frontal eye fields mediate spatial attention in
... FEF is retinotopically organized and has a map of visual field eccentricity (Schall, 2009). Many functionally different types of neurons have been identified in FEF. Movement neurons begin to fire approximately 50ms before the initiation of a saccadic eye movement (Bruce and Goldberg, 1985; Thompson ...
... FEF is retinotopically organized and has a map of visual field eccentricity (Schall, 2009). Many functionally different types of neurons have been identified in FEF. Movement neurons begin to fire approximately 50ms before the initiation of a saccadic eye movement (Bruce and Goldberg, 1985; Thompson ...
The Emerging Roles of Oxytocin in Rhythmic Prolactin Release
... 1. The prolactin rhythm is likely due to interactions between dopamine neurons and lactotrophs. 2. The prolactin rhythm can be induced by mating, or in OVX animals, by cervical stimulation, central or peripheral prolactin injection, or peripheral oxytocin injection. 3. Oxytocin at the lactotroph is ...
... 1. The prolactin rhythm is likely due to interactions between dopamine neurons and lactotrophs. 2. The prolactin rhythm can be induced by mating, or in OVX animals, by cervical stimulation, central or peripheral prolactin injection, or peripheral oxytocin injection. 3. Oxytocin at the lactotroph is ...
Central pituitary adenylate cyclase- activating polypeptide (PACAP
... The baroreflex has been evolutionary conserved from Agnatha (lamprey) to humans (Sundin and Nilsson, 2002; Karemaker and Wesseling, 2008). The baroreflex in fish, as in humans, is working spontaneously under baseline conditions (Lancien et al., 2007) and responds to adverse blood pressure changes (S ...
... The baroreflex has been evolutionary conserved from Agnatha (lamprey) to humans (Sundin and Nilsson, 2002; Karemaker and Wesseling, 2008). The baroreflex in fish, as in humans, is working spontaneously under baseline conditions (Lancien et al., 2007) and responds to adverse blood pressure changes (S ...
Electrical Stimulation of the Horizontal Limb of the Diagonal Band
... cannot be obtained; therefore only amplitude measurements were obtained. The amplitude of the B1 response was quantified by using a time point determined by visual inspection and measuring the distance from the prestimulus baseline to the physiological trace at that time point (see Fig. 2). The poin ...
... cannot be obtained; therefore only amplitude measurements were obtained. The amplitude of the B1 response was quantified by using a time point determined by visual inspection and measuring the distance from the prestimulus baseline to the physiological trace at that time point (see Fig. 2). The poin ...
Retinal Ganglion Cell Axon Guidance in the Mouse Optic Chiasm
... from the two optic nerves grow toward one another and either cross the ventral midline of the diencephalon (developing hypothalamus) or turn away from it, forming an x-shaped fiber pathway, the optic chiasm. Contralaterally projecting RGCs are distributed throughout the retina, whereas ipsilaterally ...
... from the two optic nerves grow toward one another and either cross the ventral midline of the diencephalon (developing hypothalamus) or turn away from it, forming an x-shaped fiber pathway, the optic chiasm. Contralaterally projecting RGCs are distributed throughout the retina, whereas ipsilaterally ...
Input evoked nonlinearities in silicon dendritic circuits
... Pyramidal cells in neocortex and hippocampus have highly complicated dendritic structures, but the computational contribution of the dendritic tree in neuronal processing is still elusive. Experimental evidence suggests that individual dendritic branches can be considered as independent computationa ...
... Pyramidal cells in neocortex and hippocampus have highly complicated dendritic structures, but the computational contribution of the dendritic tree in neuronal processing is still elusive. Experimental evidence suggests that individual dendritic branches can be considered as independent computationa ...
The role of the basal ganglia in reinforcement learning
... demonstrate the additional complexity of the network compared to the classical view. The basal ganglia neuro-modulators adjust activity along the main axis by regulation of plasticity at the corticostriatal synapses (21, 22). The primary basal ganglia neuromodulators are dopamine (from midbrain dopa ...
... demonstrate the additional complexity of the network compared to the classical view. The basal ganglia neuro-modulators adjust activity along the main axis by regulation of plasticity at the corticostriatal synapses (21, 22). The primary basal ganglia neuromodulators are dopamine (from midbrain dopa ...
Chapter 16 - MBFys Home Page
... The patterns of connections made by local circuit neurons in the medial region of the intermediate zone are different from the patterns made by those in the lateral region, and these differences are related to their respective functions (Figure 16.1). The medial local circuit neurons, which supply t ...
... The patterns of connections made by local circuit neurons in the medial region of the intermediate zone are different from the patterns made by those in the lateral region, and these differences are related to their respective functions (Figure 16.1). The medial local circuit neurons, which supply t ...
basic mechanisms of sleep
... been proposed for the brainstem control of REM sleep. For example, Leonard and Llinas suggested in regard to the McCarley and Hobson (5) model that ‘‘ . . . ‘indirect feedback’ excitation via cholinergic inhibition of an inhibitory input or cholinergic excitation of an excitatory input or some combi ...
... been proposed for the brainstem control of REM sleep. For example, Leonard and Llinas suggested in regard to the McCarley and Hobson (5) model that ‘‘ . . . ‘indirect feedback’ excitation via cholinergic inhibition of an inhibitory input or cholinergic excitation of an excitatory input or some combi ...
Delineation of motoneuron subgroups supplying
... cresyl-violet for 5 min. In neighbouring sections, the myelin was stained with silver using the physical developing method of Gallyas (Gallyas, 1979). The nomenclature and abbreviations for human brainstem structures are in accordance with the revised new edition of Olszewski and Baxter’s ‘Cytoarchi ...
... cresyl-violet for 5 min. In neighbouring sections, the myelin was stained with silver using the physical developing method of Gallyas (Gallyas, 1979). The nomenclature and abbreviations for human brainstem structures are in accordance with the revised new edition of Olszewski and Baxter’s ‘Cytoarchi ...
Distribution of Agrin mRNAs in the Chick Embryo Nervous System
... than agrin from brain or spinal cord (Godfrey, 199 1). This difference in activity of agrin-like molecules from various tissues may be due to alternative splicing of agrin mRNA. Complete cDNA sequences coding for rat and chicken agrin have recently been obtained (Rupp et al., 199 1; Tsim et al., 199 ...
... than agrin from brain or spinal cord (Godfrey, 199 1). This difference in activity of agrin-like molecules from various tissues may be due to alternative splicing of agrin mRNA. Complete cDNA sequences coding for rat and chicken agrin have recently been obtained (Rupp et al., 199 1; Tsim et al., 199 ...
Dopaminergic and Glutamatergic Dysfunctions
... account for the available postmortem and metabolite findings, imaging data, and new insights from animal studies into cortical-subcortical interactions. Although it is a substantial advance, the dopamine hypothesis has a number of weaknesses as well. Much of the evidence for the hypothesis relied on ...
... account for the available postmortem and metabolite findings, imaging data, and new insights from animal studies into cortical-subcortical interactions. Although it is a substantial advance, the dopamine hypothesis has a number of weaknesses as well. Much of the evidence for the hypothesis relied on ...
Recasting the Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement System
... (Ferrera and Lisberger 1997b; Recanzone and Wurtz 2000). The pursuit eye velocity evoked after comparable short delays mainly follows the average of the two motion signals. The later activity (450 ms after motion onset) of MT and MST neurons exhibits greater selectivity, and the eye movements elicit ...
... (Ferrera and Lisberger 1997b; Recanzone and Wurtz 2000). The pursuit eye velocity evoked after comparable short delays mainly follows the average of the two motion signals. The later activity (450 ms after motion onset) of MT and MST neurons exhibits greater selectivity, and the eye movements elicit ...
Higginbotham H, Eom TY, Mariani LE, Bachleda A, Hirt J, Gukassyan V, Cusack CL, Lai C, Caspary T, Anton ES. Developmental Cell. 2012, Nov 13 23(5):925-38. Arl13b in primary cilia regulates the migration and placement of interneurons in the developing cerebral cortex.
... the cerebral cortex (Arellano et al., 2012; Bishop et al., 2007; Han and Alvarez-Buylla, 2010; Händel et al., 1999; Lee and Gleeson, 2011; Wilson et al., 2012). The potential significance of cilia function for cortical development and function is evident in various developmental brain disorders, su ...
... the cerebral cortex (Arellano et al., 2012; Bishop et al., 2007; Han and Alvarez-Buylla, 2010; Händel et al., 1999; Lee and Gleeson, 2011; Wilson et al., 2012). The potential significance of cilia function for cortical development and function is evident in various developmental brain disorders, su ...
Frequency-Dependent Recruitment of Fast Amino Acid and Slow
... (Seminara et al., 2003) mouse lines was undertaken for the last series of experiments and generated mutant GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫺/⫺ and Figure 1. Angled, parahorizontal brain slices containing the AVPV projection to GnRH neurons. A, Drawing showing the angle control GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫹/⫹ mice. All exand loca ...
... (Seminara et al., 2003) mouse lines was undertaken for the last series of experiments and generated mutant GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫺/⫺ and Figure 1. Angled, parahorizontal brain slices containing the AVPV projection to GnRH neurons. A, Drawing showing the angle control GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫹/⫹ mice. All exand loca ...
elaboration, remodeling and spatial organization of
... calycal domains. In addition, the MB calyx exhibits great structural plasticity (Technau, 1984). The MB calyces are on average 21% larger after flies are reared in populated cages for weeks, as compared with being cultured singly in small isolation vials (Heisenberg et al., 1995). Characterizing ind ...
... calycal domains. In addition, the MB calyx exhibits great structural plasticity (Technau, 1984). The MB calyces are on average 21% larger after flies are reared in populated cages for weeks, as compared with being cultured singly in small isolation vials (Heisenberg et al., 1995). Characterizing ind ...
ABSTRACT Title of dissertation: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF NEURONAL
... expression of N-methyl D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) at growth cones of young hippocampal neurons. First, I showed that the SALMs, a newly discovered family of CAMs, regulate changes in neurite outgrowth with distinct morphological characteristics. Through transfections of primary hippocampal neuro ...
... expression of N-methyl D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) at growth cones of young hippocampal neurons. First, I showed that the SALMs, a newly discovered family of CAMs, regulate changes in neurite outgrowth with distinct morphological characteristics. Through transfections of primary hippocampal neuro ...
doc PHGY311
... median eminence is traversed by the axons of hypothalamic neurons ending in the posterior pituitary. The median eminence funnels down to form the infundibular portion of the neurohypophysis (also called the infundibular stalk). In practical terms, the neurohypophysis or posterior pituitary can be co ...
... median eminence is traversed by the axons of hypothalamic neurons ending in the posterior pituitary. The median eminence funnels down to form the infundibular portion of the neurohypophysis (also called the infundibular stalk). In practical terms, the neurohypophysis or posterior pituitary can be co ...
The Neurons of the Medial Geniculate Body in the Mustached Bat
... topographically organized input from tonotopically arranged inferior colliculus neurons (Andersen et al., 1980; Kudo and Niimi, 1980). While comparable tufted neurons occur in the ventral division of the rat (Winer and Larue, 19871, opossum (Morest and Winer, 19861, cat (Winer, 1985), and human (Win ...
... topographically organized input from tonotopically arranged inferior colliculus neurons (Andersen et al., 1980; Kudo and Niimi, 1980). While comparable tufted neurons occur in the ventral division of the rat (Winer and Larue, 19871, opossum (Morest and Winer, 19861, cat (Winer, 1985), and human (Win ...
INTRINSIC CONNECTIONS AND CYTOARCHITECTONIC DATA OF
... Abstract. Organization of intrinsic connections of the frontal association cortex (FAC) in dogs was studied using retrograde HRP-transport method. For cytoarchitectonic observations and measurements of thickness of the cortex and its particular layers, additional sections stained with Nissl method w ...
... Abstract. Organization of intrinsic connections of the frontal association cortex (FAC) in dogs was studied using retrograde HRP-transport method. For cytoarchitectonic observations and measurements of thickness of the cortex and its particular layers, additional sections stained with Nissl method w ...
Decreased cohesin in the brain leads to defective synapse
... We consider haplodeficient mice, which exhibit higher brain dysfunction, as a model of CdLS. Because abnormal synapse formation is observed in cortical layer II/III of some animal models of higher brain dysfunction (Hayashi et al., 2004; Cruz-Martín et al., 2010), we focused our analysis on individu ...
... We consider haplodeficient mice, which exhibit higher brain dysfunction, as a model of CdLS. Because abnormal synapse formation is observed in cortical layer II/III of some animal models of higher brain dysfunction (Hayashi et al., 2004; Cruz-Martín et al., 2010), we focused our analysis on individu ...