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Neural representation of olfactory mixtures in the honeybee
... stimuli were given at the 15th frame for 1 s. Pixel image size corresponded to 5 · 5 lm after 4 · 4 binning on chip. Monochromatic excitation light at 475 nm was applied using a monochromator (T.I.L.L Polychrom IV). The filter set on the microscope was composed of a 505-nm dichroic filter and a long ...
... stimuli were given at the 15th frame for 1 s. Pixel image size corresponded to 5 · 5 lm after 4 · 4 binning on chip. Monochromatic excitation light at 475 nm was applied using a monochromator (T.I.L.L Polychrom IV). The filter set on the microscope was composed of a 505-nm dichroic filter and a long ...
From movement to thought: Anatomic substrates of the cerebellar
... that one could “remove considerable masses of cerebellar tissue without producing any apparent deficits. Now how are we going to explain that fact?” he wondered. ”One cannot help but feel that these intricate relay systems exert very subtle influences which, when withdrawn, produce no very obvious d ...
... that one could “remove considerable masses of cerebellar tissue without producing any apparent deficits. Now how are we going to explain that fact?” he wondered. ”One cannot help but feel that these intricate relay systems exert very subtle influences which, when withdrawn, produce no very obvious d ...
this article - Zald Affective Neuroscience Lab | Vanderbilt University
... defines anhedonia as diminished interest or pleasure in response to stimuli that were previously perceived as rewarding during a pre-morbid state (DSM-IV-TR). Along with depressed mood, anhedonia is one of two required symptoms for a diagnosis of MDD Q2 (American Psychiatric Association, 2000; World ...
... defines anhedonia as diminished interest or pleasure in response to stimuli that were previously perceived as rewarding during a pre-morbid state (DSM-IV-TR). Along with depressed mood, anhedonia is one of two required symptoms for a diagnosis of MDD Q2 (American Psychiatric Association, 2000; World ...
Topographic Organization of Corticospinal Projections from the
... 199 la). We found that the PMd projects to upper cervical, lower cervical, and lower lumbosacral segments. Our results support the view that the PMd, like the primary motor cortex, contains separate representations of the arm and leg. In addition, our findings provide evidence that the PMd contains ...
... 199 la). We found that the PMd projects to upper cervical, lower cervical, and lower lumbosacral segments. Our results support the view that the PMd, like the primary motor cortex, contains separate representations of the arm and leg. In addition, our findings provide evidence that the PMd contains ...
Disruption of experience-dependent synaptic modifications in striate
... crease the probability that the activity conveyed along deprived eye afferents correlated with cortical activity, Ramoa et al. (1989) disinhibited the cortex by infusing low concentrations of the GABA, receptor antagonist bicuculline and found that the deprived eye inputs were retained in area 17. F ...
... crease the probability that the activity conveyed along deprived eye afferents correlated with cortical activity, Ramoa et al. (1989) disinhibited the cortex by infusing low concentrations of the GABA, receptor antagonist bicuculline and found that the deprived eye inputs were retained in area 17. F ...
Relationship of Prefrontal Connections to Inhibitory Systems in Superior Temporal
... evidence in both human and non-human primates that all prefrontal cortices have a role in inhibitory control, albeit within the domain of their specialization (for reviews see Shimamura, 1995; Roberts and Wallis, 2000). The phenomenon of inhibitory control is exemplified at the functional level in th ...
... evidence in both human and non-human primates that all prefrontal cortices have a role in inhibitory control, albeit within the domain of their specialization (for reviews see Shimamura, 1995; Roberts and Wallis, 2000). The phenomenon of inhibitory control is exemplified at the functional level in th ...
Neurotransmitters, Drugs and Brain Function Wiley
... effects of a neurotransmitter and second, since only the excitatory effects of ACh at the neuromuscular junction fulfil the original definition of a neurotransmitter in transmitting excitation, either acetylcholine cannot be considered to be a neurotransmitter in the heart, despite its effects, or t ...
... effects of a neurotransmitter and second, since only the excitatory effects of ACh at the neuromuscular junction fulfil the original definition of a neurotransmitter in transmitting excitation, either acetylcholine cannot be considered to be a neurotransmitter in the heart, despite its effects, or t ...
Voluntary Movement: The Primary Motor Cortex
... implicated in voluntary motor control, the study of the cortical control of voluntary movement provides important insights into the functional organization of the cerebral cortex as a whole. Evolution has endowed mammals with adaptive neural circuitry that allows them to interact in sophisticated wa ...
... implicated in voluntary motor control, the study of the cortical control of voluntary movement provides important insights into the functional organization of the cerebral cortex as a whole. Evolution has endowed mammals with adaptive neural circuitry that allows them to interact in sophisticated wa ...
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
... electrodes (3.0 – 4.5 M⍀) were guided to neurons using both fluorescence and differential interference contrast (DIC) optics illuminated with infrared light (Axioskop FS2; Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). Voltage-clamp and current-clamp recordings were made with an Axopatch 200B or Axoclamp 2A amplifier ...
... electrodes (3.0 – 4.5 M⍀) were guided to neurons using both fluorescence and differential interference contrast (DIC) optics illuminated with infrared light (Axioskop FS2; Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). Voltage-clamp and current-clamp recordings were made with an Axopatch 200B or Axoclamp 2A amplifier ...
Cell Type-Specific, Presynaptic LTP of Inhibitory Synapses on Fast
... Properties and plasticity of inhibitory synapses on fast-spiking (FS) GABAergic (FS-GABA) interneurons in layer II/III of the mouse visual cortex were examined in cortical slices by whole-cell recordings of IPSCs or IPSPs evoked by activation of presynaptic FS or non-FS GABAergic interneurons. Unita ...
... Properties and plasticity of inhibitory synapses on fast-spiking (FS) GABAergic (FS-GABA) interneurons in layer II/III of the mouse visual cortex were examined in cortical slices by whole-cell recordings of IPSCs or IPSPs evoked by activation of presynaptic FS or non-FS GABAergic interneurons. Unita ...
Retinotopic Organization and Functional Subdivisions of the Human
... during the session. For each voxel in the volume, the linear trend in the fMRI time series was subtracted to remove any slow signal drift, typical in fMRI signals, and the time series was divided by its mean intensity, converting the data from the arbitrary intensity scale from the MRI scanner to un ...
... during the session. For each voxel in the volume, the linear trend in the fMRI time series was subtracted to remove any slow signal drift, typical in fMRI signals, and the time series was divided by its mean intensity, converting the data from the arbitrary intensity scale from the MRI scanner to un ...
Input-driven components of spike-frequency adaptation can be
... contained a switch from one constant-intensity tone to another. More precisely, each stimulus presentation of length, T, consisted of two sections of length, T/2. Each section was filled with a pure tone of frequency f1 or f2, respectively, played at sound intensity S1 or S2, respectively. At the be ...
... contained a switch from one constant-intensity tone to another. More precisely, each stimulus presentation of length, T, consisted of two sections of length, T/2. Each section was filled with a pure tone of frequency f1 or f2, respectively, played at sound intensity S1 or S2, respectively. At the be ...
Spatial distribution and characterization of non
... of the brain cortex. An increase in the number of basal progenitors in mouse cortex has been shown to increase brain size [15,16] but does not generate the folding in the cortex. Instead, there is recent evidence that bRGs are the main players in promoting brain growth and cortical folding: bRGs are ...
... of the brain cortex. An increase in the number of basal progenitors in mouse cortex has been shown to increase brain size [15,16] but does not generate the folding in the cortex. Instead, there is recent evidence that bRGs are the main players in promoting brain growth and cortical folding: bRGs are ...
Intrinsic laminar lattice connections in primate visual cortex
... Intracortical injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)reveal a system of periodically organized intrinsic connections in primate striate cortex. In layers 2 and 3 these connections form a reticular or latticelike pattern, extending for about 1.5-2.0 mm around an injection. This connectional lattic ...
... Intracortical injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)reveal a system of periodically organized intrinsic connections in primate striate cortex. In layers 2 and 3 these connections form a reticular or latticelike pattern, extending for about 1.5-2.0 mm around an injection. This connectional lattic ...
Inhibitory interneurons in a cortical column form hot zones of
... Only on the basis of such prevalence numbers is it possible to interpret data on single-cell physiology (1–8) and synaptic connections of pairs of neurons (9–12) at the circuit level. The distribution of cortical neurons and INs has therefore been the objective of several studies over the past decad ...
... Only on the basis of such prevalence numbers is it possible to interpret data on single-cell physiology (1–8) and synaptic connections of pairs of neurons (9–12) at the circuit level. The distribution of cortical neurons and INs has therefore been the objective of several studies over the past decad ...
Primitive Roles for Inhibitory Interneurons in Developing Frog Spinal
... (Roberts, 2000; Li et al., 2001). These are shown diagrammatically in Figure 1, where their functions are listed. We have recently established that one class of spinal interneuron with a very characteristic axonal projection pattern, called ascending interneurons (aINs), produces phasic, glycinergic ...
... (Roberts, 2000; Li et al., 2001). These are shown diagrammatically in Figure 1, where their functions are listed. We have recently established that one class of spinal interneuron with a very characteristic axonal projection pattern, called ascending interneurons (aINs), produces phasic, glycinergic ...
Discharge Patterns of Neurons in the Ventral Nucleus of the Lateral
... was complicated by the presence of spontaneous activity in many neurons. To ensure that identifiable responses were indeed present, threshold was defined statistically using the technique of Batra et al. (1997a) (P , 0.001) to detect an excitatory response. The latency measure used was the median la ...
... was complicated by the presence of spontaneous activity in many neurons. To ensure that identifiable responses were indeed present, threshold was defined statistically using the technique of Batra et al. (1997a) (P , 0.001) to detect an excitatory response. The latency measure used was the median la ...
Nicotine injections into the ventral tegmental area increase
... stimuli, including drugs (see Ref. [28] for review). Thus, the expression of c-/os and other immediate early genes has been found to be increased in DA target areas by several drugs which increase the extracellular concentration of DA such as cocaine, amphetamine and morphine [15,23,27,46]. Indeed, ...
... stimuli, including drugs (see Ref. [28] for review). Thus, the expression of c-/os and other immediate early genes has been found to be increased in DA target areas by several drugs which increase the extracellular concentration of DA such as cocaine, amphetamine and morphine [15,23,27,46]. Indeed, ...
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... dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Second-order neurons activated in the dorsal horn by cutaneous primary afferents project to the ipsilateral cuneate nucleus via dorsal column, the dorsolateral pathway, or other pathways (blue line). Other dorsal horn neurons send axons to the contralateral spinal cor ...
... dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Second-order neurons activated in the dorsal horn by cutaneous primary afferents project to the ipsilateral cuneate nucleus via dorsal column, the dorsolateral pathway, or other pathways (blue line). Other dorsal horn neurons send axons to the contralateral spinal cor ...
Mapping From Motor Cortex to Biceps and Triceps Altered By Elbow
... complex movements. These movements were reliable and could even be evoked under anesthesia. Two general observations emerged from this stimulation study. First, stimulation of each site caused the relevant joints to move in a goal-directed fashion into a specific final posture regardless of the init ...
... complex movements. These movements were reliable and could even be evoked under anesthesia. Two general observations emerged from this stimulation study. First, stimulation of each site caused the relevant joints to move in a goal-directed fashion into a specific final posture regardless of the init ...
INVESTIGATING THE SOPHISTICATION OF LONG-LATENCY UPPER LIMB
... and it accounts for the mechanical properties of the upper-limb (Chapter 5). Further investigation revealed that the long-latency response can be decomposed into two functionally-independent processes (Chapter 4), and that one of these components contributes all of the sophistication observed in Cha ...
... and it accounts for the mechanical properties of the upper-limb (Chapter 5). Further investigation revealed that the long-latency response can be decomposed into two functionally-independent processes (Chapter 4), and that one of these components contributes all of the sophistication observed in Cha ...
Behavioral Response and Transmitter Release During Atonia
... for electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrooculogram (EOG) recording. Stranded stainless steel wires (A-M Systems, Carlsborg, WA) were inserted into the dorsal neck muscles for electromyographic (EMG) recording and tripolar electrodes were implanted into the lateral geniculate body for ponto-geniculo ...
... for electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrooculogram (EOG) recording. Stranded stainless steel wires (A-M Systems, Carlsborg, WA) were inserted into the dorsal neck muscles for electromyographic (EMG) recording and tripolar electrodes were implanted into the lateral geniculate body for ponto-geniculo ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... 1978; LeVay, et al., 1980). These changes after monocular deprivation seem to be mediated by “neuronal competition,” because closing both eyes had little effect on either the anatomical or functional organization of ocular dominance columns (Wiesel and Hubel, 1965). This phenomenon of ocular dominan ...
... 1978; LeVay, et al., 1980). These changes after monocular deprivation seem to be mediated by “neuronal competition,” because closing both eyes had little effect on either the anatomical or functional organization of ocular dominance columns (Wiesel and Hubel, 1965). This phenomenon of ocular dominan ...
Distribution of GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the
... of these immunoreactive elements may be dendritic processes or fibers cut in cross section, the vast majority are likely to be axon terminals, and we have chosen to apply this term to the punctate immunoreactive staining. In general, the GAD antiserum produced more robust staining of axon terminals ...
... of these immunoreactive elements may be dendritic processes or fibers cut in cross section, the vast majority are likely to be axon terminals, and we have chosen to apply this term to the punctate immunoreactive staining. In general, the GAD antiserum produced more robust staining of axon terminals ...