Neural correlates of positive and negative performance feedback in
... about how his behavior is perceived, realized and experienced by another person. Thereby, feedback includes information about the results, effects and consequences which may be useful if someone has to do appropriate adjustments of his own behavior. With regard to aging it is important to know if bo ...
... about how his behavior is perceived, realized and experienced by another person. Thereby, feedback includes information about the results, effects and consequences which may be useful if someone has to do appropriate adjustments of his own behavior. With regard to aging it is important to know if bo ...
Smelling on the fly: sensory cues and strategies for olfactory
... navigation in Drosophila Quentin Gaudry1, Katherine I Nagel1 and Rachel I Wilson Navigating toward (or away from) a remote odor source is a challenging problem that requires integrating olfactory information with visual and mechanosensory cues. Drosophila melanogaster is a useful organism for studyi ...
... navigation in Drosophila Quentin Gaudry1, Katherine I Nagel1 and Rachel I Wilson Navigating toward (or away from) a remote odor source is a challenging problem that requires integrating olfactory information with visual and mechanosensory cues. Drosophila melanogaster is a useful organism for studyi ...
Age-dependent effect of cholinergic lesion on dendritic morphology
... Keywords: Aging; Neocortex; Acetylcholine; 192-IgG-saporin; Nucleus basalis magnocellularis; Morphology; Plasticity ...
... Keywords: Aging; Neocortex; Acetylcholine; 192-IgG-saporin; Nucleus basalis magnocellularis; Morphology; Plasticity ...
The Distribution of Tyrosine Hydroxylase
... Figure 3. Dark-field photomicrographs of TH (A) and DBH (B) immunoreactivity in the superficial layers of prefrontal cortex of cynomolgus monkey. Note the dense band of TH-labeled fibers in deep layer I and in layer II and the relative paucity of fibers in the superficial portion of layer I. In cont ...
... Figure 3. Dark-field photomicrographs of TH (A) and DBH (B) immunoreactivity in the superficial layers of prefrontal cortex of cynomolgus monkey. Note the dense band of TH-labeled fibers in deep layer I and in layer II and the relative paucity of fibers in the superficial portion of layer I. In cont ...
Visual Cortex and Control Processes Stimuli in Opposite Visual
... T2*-weighted echoplanar image (EPI) whole-brain volumes every 2,880 ms. Each functional volume consisted of 32 tilted axial slices ...
... T2*-weighted echoplanar image (EPI) whole-brain volumes every 2,880 ms. Each functional volume consisted of 32 tilted axial slices ...
Opposite Functions of Histamine H1 and H2 Receptors and H3
... key basal ganglia output nucleus. Inhibitory outputs from SNr are encoded in spike frequency and pattern of the inhibitory SNr projection neurons. SNr output intensity and pattern are often abnormal in movement disorders of basal ganglia origin. In Parkinson’s disease, histamine innervation and hist ...
... key basal ganglia output nucleus. Inhibitory outputs from SNr are encoded in spike frequency and pattern of the inhibitory SNr projection neurons. SNr output intensity and pattern are often abnormal in movement disorders of basal ganglia origin. In Parkinson’s disease, histamine innervation and hist ...
Understanding Opioid Reward Howard L. Fields and Elyssa B
... increases the future probability of a behavioral response that has produced a beneficial outcome; a more precise term for this process is ‘positive reinforcement’. In this review, we focus on how the actions of mu opioid (MOP) receptor agonists in the VTA can produce positive reinforcement, a critic ...
... increases the future probability of a behavioral response that has produced a beneficial outcome; a more precise term for this process is ‘positive reinforcement’. In this review, we focus on how the actions of mu opioid (MOP) receptor agonists in the VTA can produce positive reinforcement, a critic ...
Graziano's CV
... Graziano MSA (2014) How Ventriloquism Works. Frontiers for young minds, DOI:10.3389/frym.2014.00004. Graziano MSA and Kastner S (2011) Human consciousness and its relationship to social neuroscience: A novel hypothesis. Cognitive Neuroscience, 2: 98-113. Graziano MSA and Kastner S (2011) Awareness a ...
... Graziano MSA (2014) How Ventriloquism Works. Frontiers for young minds, DOI:10.3389/frym.2014.00004. Graziano MSA and Kastner S (2011) Human consciousness and its relationship to social neuroscience: A novel hypothesis. Cognitive Neuroscience, 2: 98-113. Graziano MSA and Kastner S (2011) Awareness a ...
cellular mechanisms of classical and operant conditioning A model
... A fundamental problem in neuroscience is to understand events occurring within individual neurons and within networks that contribute to learning and memory. For example, what cellular processes detect the coincidence between stimuli during classical conditioning, or between behavior and consequence ...
... A fundamental problem in neuroscience is to understand events occurring within individual neurons and within networks that contribute to learning and memory. For example, what cellular processes detect the coincidence between stimuli during classical conditioning, or between behavior and consequence ...
Self-Organizing Visual Cortex Model using Homeostatic Plasticity
... realized that this stability problem can prevent the application of this rule in larger models so they incorporated some kind of normalization rule to limit the growth of synaptic strength within bound. Although simple form of normalization usually works well in practice, there is no biological evid ...
... realized that this stability problem can prevent the application of this rule in larger models so they incorporated some kind of normalization rule to limit the growth of synaptic strength within bound. Although simple form of normalization usually works well in practice, there is no biological evid ...
The Suppressive Field of Neurons in Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
... predict the effects of stimulus size on contrast saturation, we fitted a power law to the contrast–response curves at each diameter. The power law provided excellent fits, so the power-law exponent  captures the linearity of the growth of responses with contrast: a value close to 0 indicates strong ...
... predict the effects of stimulus size on contrast saturation, we fitted a power law to the contrast–response curves at each diameter. The power law provided excellent fits, so the power-law exponent  captures the linearity of the growth of responses with contrast: a value close to 0 indicates strong ...
Newborn infants` auditory system is sensitive to Western music
... location (for a review, see Trehub, 2003), as well as more complex sound features based on e.g., abstract rules that define the order of the stimuli (Ruusuvirta et al., 2003; Carral et al., 2005). Previous behavioral and EEG studies suggest that infants demonstrate the readiness to process music dur ...
... location (for a review, see Trehub, 2003), as well as more complex sound features based on e.g., abstract rules that define the order of the stimuli (Ruusuvirta et al., 2003; Carral et al., 2005). Previous behavioral and EEG studies suggest that infants demonstrate the readiness to process music dur ...
Spike-timing-dependent plasticity: common themes
... the transition between potentiation and depression is very sharp (Fig. 1B). Later studies confirmed this in several brain regions and refined the temporal properties of plasticity (Magee and Johnston 1997; Zhang et al. 1998; Bi and Poo 1998; Feldman 2000; Sjöström et al. 2001). Fueled by these exper ...
... the transition between potentiation and depression is very sharp (Fig. 1B). Later studies confirmed this in several brain regions and refined the temporal properties of plasticity (Magee and Johnston 1997; Zhang et al. 1998; Bi and Poo 1998; Feldman 2000; Sjöström et al. 2001). Fueled by these exper ...
Changing the Language of Addiction.
... c. Craving; or increased “hunger” for drugs or rewarding experiences; d. Diminished recognition of significant problems with one’s behaviors and interpersonal relationships; and e. A dysfunctional Emotional response. The power of external cues to trigger craving and drug use, as well as to increase ...
... c. Craving; or increased “hunger” for drugs or rewarding experiences; d. Diminished recognition of significant problems with one’s behaviors and interpersonal relationships; and e. A dysfunctional Emotional response. The power of external cues to trigger craving and drug use, as well as to increase ...
Statistics and geometry of orientation selectivity in primary visual
... fields emerge. This would then provide the animal with optimized feature detectors to survive in its natural environment. At another extreme, orientation selectivity might be learned through visual experience: Orientation selectivity would not be hardwired, but a result of adaptation during brain de ...
... fields emerge. This would then provide the animal with optimized feature detectors to survive in its natural environment. At another extreme, orientation selectivity might be learned through visual experience: Orientation selectivity would not be hardwired, but a result of adaptation during brain de ...
Passive Properties of Swimmeret Motor Neurons
... swimmeret motor neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 92–102, 1997. Four different functional types of motor neurons innervate each swimmeret: return-stroke excitors (RSEs), power-stroke excitors (PSEs), return-stroke inhibitors (RSIs), and power-stroke inhibitors (PSIs). We studied the structures and passi ...
... swimmeret motor neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 92–102, 1997. Four different functional types of motor neurons innervate each swimmeret: return-stroke excitors (RSEs), power-stroke excitors (PSEs), return-stroke inhibitors (RSIs), and power-stroke inhibitors (PSIs). We studied the structures and passi ...
The multisensory roles for auditory cortex in primate vocal
... behavior is also somewhat of a mystery. That they must be involved in multiple auditory-related behaviors is a given. The fundamental question is thus: how do these multiple auditory areas mediate specific behaviors through their interactions with each other and with other sensory and motor systems? ...
... behavior is also somewhat of a mystery. That they must be involved in multiple auditory-related behaviors is a given. The fundamental question is thus: how do these multiple auditory areas mediate specific behaviors through their interactions with each other and with other sensory and motor systems? ...
Vision for Prehension in the Medial Parietal Cortex - Gallettilab
... Figure 3. Visual field representation in V6A, and its possible use in reaching control. (A) Spatial locations occupied by V6A visual receptive fields. Color scale indicates the relative density of receptive fields covering that specific part of the visual field. In the dark red region, more than 200 visu ...
... Figure 3. Visual field representation in V6A, and its possible use in reaching control. (A) Spatial locations occupied by V6A visual receptive fields. Color scale indicates the relative density of receptive fields covering that specific part of the visual field. In the dark red region, more than 200 visu ...
Microglia development follows a stepwise program to regulate brain
... Microglia, the resident myeloid cells of the central nervous system, play important roles in life-long brain maintenance and in pathology. Despite their crucial role, their regulatory dynamics during brain development have not been fully elucidated. Genome-wide chromatin and expression profiling cou ...
... Microglia, the resident myeloid cells of the central nervous system, play important roles in life-long brain maintenance and in pathology. Despite their crucial role, their regulatory dynamics during brain development have not been fully elucidated. Genome-wide chromatin and expression profiling cou ...
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex GABA Concentration in Humans
... Significance Statement This study demonstrated for the first time that the amount of gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain, in an individual’s prefrontal cortex predicts working memory (WM) task performance. Given that WM is required for many of the most ...
... Significance Statement This study demonstrated for the first time that the amount of gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain, in an individual’s prefrontal cortex predicts working memory (WM) task performance. Given that WM is required for many of the most ...
Microglia development follows a stepwise program to regulate brain
... Microglia, the resident myeloid cells of the central nervous system, play important roles in life-long brain maintenance and in pathology. Despite their crucial role, their regulatory dynamics during brain development have not been fully elucidated. Genome-wide chromatin and expression profiling cou ...
... Microglia, the resident myeloid cells of the central nervous system, play important roles in life-long brain maintenance and in pathology. Despite their crucial role, their regulatory dynamics during brain development have not been fully elucidated. Genome-wide chromatin and expression profiling cou ...
Sleep Neurobiology from a Clinical Perspective
... activity is too low, distractible and anxious if LC activity is too high, but optimally attentive and aroused with intermediate levels of activity. NE tone is clearly linked to cognition as LC neurons in monkeys fire phasically in response to a salient stimulus that signals a reward such as food, bu ...
... activity is too low, distractible and anxious if LC activity is too high, but optimally attentive and aroused with intermediate levels of activity. NE tone is clearly linked to cognition as LC neurons in monkeys fire phasically in response to a salient stimulus that signals a reward such as food, bu ...
Getting Over It: Long-Lasting Effects of Emotion
... end of a single experimental session—10 to 15 min after regulation took place (Erk et al., 2010; Walter et al., 2009)—it is unknown whether and under what circumstances this attenuation can endure over longer periods of time, and what neural mechanisms may be involved. Using a novel variant of an ...
... end of a single experimental session—10 to 15 min after regulation took place (Erk et al., 2010; Walter et al., 2009)—it is unknown whether and under what circumstances this attenuation can endure over longer periods of time, and what neural mechanisms may be involved. Using a novel variant of an ...
Separate Representations of Target and Timing Cue Locations in
... session included 400 –1,000 correct trials depending on the isolation quality as monitored by the experimenter. Therefore in each recording session ⱖ8 trials were performed to each target in the timing-cue task and at least one trial was performed to each target in the memoryguided saccade task. ...
... session included 400 –1,000 correct trials depending on the isolation quality as monitored by the experimenter. Therefore in each recording session ⱖ8 trials were performed to each target in the timing-cue task and at least one trial was performed to each target in the memoryguided saccade task. ...