Early Functional Impairment of Sensory-Motor Connectivity in a Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
... Ruiz et al., 2010). Surprisingly, motor neurons in SMA are structurally well connected to their target muscles but functionally NMJs in SMN-D7 mice exhibit a 50% reduction in quantal content, indicating reduced synaptic vesicle release from motor neuron terminals in response to evoked stimulation (K ...
... Ruiz et al., 2010). Surprisingly, motor neurons in SMA are structurally well connected to their target muscles but functionally NMJs in SMN-D7 mice exhibit a 50% reduction in quantal content, indicating reduced synaptic vesicle release from motor neuron terminals in response to evoked stimulation (K ...
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... eLife digest In our everyday lives, we are surrounded by stimuli that compete for our attention. However, the brain pays more attention to some stimuli—such as those that signal rewards or warn of potential threats—than to others. These stimuli receive extra attention because they activate a structu ...
... eLife digest In our everyday lives, we are surrounded by stimuli that compete for our attention. However, the brain pays more attention to some stimuli—such as those that signal rewards or warn of potential threats—than to others. These stimuli receive extra attention because they activate a structu ...
Axonal wiring of guanylate cyclase-D
... The main and accessory olfactory systems of the mouse detect a large variety of chemical stimuli from the external environment. Chemoreception is mediated by several types of receptor molecules that are expressed by specialized sensory neurons (Axel, 2005; Buck, 2005; Mombaerts, 2004). The informati ...
... The main and accessory olfactory systems of the mouse detect a large variety of chemical stimuli from the external environment. Chemoreception is mediated by several types of receptor molecules that are expressed by specialized sensory neurons (Axel, 2005; Buck, 2005; Mombaerts, 2004). The informati ...
From Membrane to Cytoskeleton: Minireview
... whose interplay results in the remodeling of the cytoskeleton and thereby changes in cell shape and motility. Past research has identified numerous receptors as important for promoting or directing cell and growth cone movements. Compared with the explosion in information on these surface interactio ...
... whose interplay results in the remodeling of the cytoskeleton and thereby changes in cell shape and motility. Past research has identified numerous receptors as important for promoting or directing cell and growth cone movements. Compared with the explosion in information on these surface interactio ...
Functional Properties of Corticotectal Neurons in the Monkey`s
... that only - 19% of frontal eye field neurons have purely postsaccadic activity. The majority of neurons recorded from by Bruce and Goldberg in awake behaving monkeys had some form of activity that preceded visually guided saccadic eye movements, including a range of neuron activity from purely visua ...
... that only - 19% of frontal eye field neurons have purely postsaccadic activity. The majority of neurons recorded from by Bruce and Goldberg in awake behaving monkeys had some form of activity that preceded visually guided saccadic eye movements, including a range of neuron activity from purely visua ...
Motor Control - Reza Shadmehr
... other efferents reach the reticulospinal system, red nucleus, superior colliculus, and spinal cord. Cerebellar outputs to many of its targets are accompanied by return projections through a variety of direct and indirect pathways. One example is the cerebellar projection to the motor cortex (via the ...
... other efferents reach the reticulospinal system, red nucleus, superior colliculus, and spinal cord. Cerebellar outputs to many of its targets are accompanied by return projections through a variety of direct and indirect pathways. One example is the cerebellar projection to the motor cortex (via the ...
Self-Construction in the Context of Cortical Growth: From One Cell to
... In this thesis we explore the biological development of the neocortex as a model for selfconstructing systems. Development begins with a single cell, and expands that cell through cell division and specialization to create a complex organism consisting of trillions (in humans) of cells. We will cons ...
... In this thesis we explore the biological development of the neocortex as a model for selfconstructing systems. Development begins with a single cell, and expands that cell through cell division and specialization to create a complex organism consisting of trillions (in humans) of cells. We will cons ...
Nicotinic Receptors in Addiction Pathways
... have a critical role in controlling local dopamine release (Exley and Cragg, 2008) and exhibit marked differences in subunit composition across brain regions (Livingstone and Wonnacott, 2009). The ventral striatum, or nucleus accumbens, is a major output for reinforced behavior and is the target of ...
... have a critical role in controlling local dopamine release (Exley and Cragg, 2008) and exhibit marked differences in subunit composition across brain regions (Livingstone and Wonnacott, 2009). The ventral striatum, or nucleus accumbens, is a major output for reinforced behavior and is the target of ...
Neural Mechanisms of Reward in Insects - Chittka Lab
... Considering rewards as the strengthening of stimulus–response associations was simple and appealing, but it did not explain how rewarded behavior was strengthened. Hull (31) proposed drive reduction theory to explain motivational systems underlying reward. This essentially stated that an organism ha ...
... Considering rewards as the strengthening of stimulus–response associations was simple and appealing, but it did not explain how rewarded behavior was strengthened. Hull (31) proposed drive reduction theory to explain motivational systems underlying reward. This essentially stated that an organism ha ...
Introduction to biophysics
... The fact that cells are the basic element of living organisms was recognized early in the nineteenth century. It was not until well into the twentieth century, however, that neuro scientists agreed that nervous tissue, like all other organs is made up of these fundamental units. Santiago Ramón y Ca ...
... The fact that cells are the basic element of living organisms was recognized early in the nineteenth century. It was not until well into the twentieth century, however, that neuro scientists agreed that nervous tissue, like all other organs is made up of these fundamental units. Santiago Ramón y Ca ...
identification of a cell surface glycoprotein family of olfactory
... and Warren, 1982), as well as the reciprocal distribution (Vulliamy et al., 1981), to retinal photoreceptor cells (Barnstable, 1980), and to cat CNS neuronal subclasses (McKay and Hockfield, 1982). We have developed an Mab, 2B8, which binds to cell surface antigens on primary sensory neurons of the ...
... and Warren, 1982), as well as the reciprocal distribution (Vulliamy et al., 1981), to retinal photoreceptor cells (Barnstable, 1980), and to cat CNS neuronal subclasses (McKay and Hockfield, 1982). We have developed an Mab, 2B8, which binds to cell surface antigens on primary sensory neurons of the ...
Mercury and the Developing Brain
... impulses. The electrical impulses are transmitted at speeds up to several hundred miles per hour. The impulses are formed by a complex interaction of electrically charged sodium and potassium atoms, which move in and out of the neuron through the cell membrane, creating a tiny voltage change. At the ...
... impulses. The electrical impulses are transmitted at speeds up to several hundred miles per hour. The impulses are formed by a complex interaction of electrically charged sodium and potassium atoms, which move in and out of the neuron through the cell membrane, creating a tiny voltage change. At the ...
the primate amygdala and reinforcement: a
... testing is performed in a Wisconsin General Test Apparatus, amygdala lesions may not produce significant deficits partly because the neutral visual stimulus is being associated with a visual stimulus with secondary reinforcing properties, the sight of food; and partly because with spaced trials, a h ...
... testing is performed in a Wisconsin General Test Apparatus, amygdala lesions may not produce significant deficits partly because the neutral visual stimulus is being associated with a visual stimulus with secondary reinforcing properties, the sight of food; and partly because with spaced trials, a h ...
Neural Control of the Pancreas
... plasticity and can be modulated by numerous neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, hormones and physiological conditions (10). Studies using injections of transsynaptic retrograde tracers into the pancreas of sympathectomised rats have demonstrated the distribution of higher order neurons that innervat ...
... plasticity and can be modulated by numerous neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, hormones and physiological conditions (10). Studies using injections of transsynaptic retrograde tracers into the pancreas of sympathectomised rats have demonstrated the distribution of higher order neurons that innervat ...
Get PDF - Wiley Online Library
... Dorsal root ganglions from 6 months old mice were dissected after perfusion with PFA and then post-fixed in glutaraldehyde 3% (n = 3). Tissue samples were washed three times in 0.1 M NaHPO4 pH 7.4 and then treated with osmium tetroxyde 2% in NaHPO4 0.1 M for 2 h at 20C. The samples were then dehydra ...
... Dorsal root ganglions from 6 months old mice were dissected after perfusion with PFA and then post-fixed in glutaraldehyde 3% (n = 3). Tissue samples were washed three times in 0.1 M NaHPO4 pH 7.4 and then treated with osmium tetroxyde 2% in NaHPO4 0.1 M for 2 h at 20C. The samples were then dehydra ...
the diverse roles of l-glutamic acid in brain signal transduction
... acidic amino acids such as L-aspartic acid and L-homocysteic acid may also participate (1). Nevertheless, ongoing research reveals that the functions of Glu are much more diverse and complex than simply generating excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). It plays a major role in brain development, ...
... acidic amino acids such as L-aspartic acid and L-homocysteic acid may also participate (1). Nevertheless, ongoing research reveals that the functions of Glu are much more diverse and complex than simply generating excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). It plays a major role in brain development, ...
cellular mechanisms of classical and operant conditioning A model
... A fundamental problem in neuroscience is to understand events occurring within individual neurons and within networks that contribute to learning and memory. For example, what cellular processes detect the coincidence between stimuli during classical conditioning, or between behavior and consequence ...
... A fundamental problem in neuroscience is to understand events occurring within individual neurons and within networks that contribute to learning and memory. For example, what cellular processes detect the coincidence between stimuli during classical conditioning, or between behavior and consequence ...
Carlsson J Neurosci 2007 (pdf 2,2 MB)
... whereas all other tests were performed at the 6 mg/kg dose. The pregrafting score is the average of three consecutive tests, 3 d apart, whereas the postgrafting scores are the means of two test sessions, 4 d apart. In addition, at 22 weeks after grafting, the L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias were evaluate ...
... whereas all other tests were performed at the 6 mg/kg dose. The pregrafting score is the average of three consecutive tests, 3 d apart, whereas the postgrafting scores are the means of two test sessions, 4 d apart. In addition, at 22 weeks after grafting, the L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias were evaluate ...
Glial cells modulate the synaptic transmission of NTS neurons
... showed that FAC reduced evoked and spontaneous ATP release. All together these data show that putative astrocytes are the source of endogenous ATP, which via activation of presynaptic P2X receptors, facilitates the evoked glutamate release and increases the synaptic transmission efficacy in the NTS- ...
... showed that FAC reduced evoked and spontaneous ATP release. All together these data show that putative astrocytes are the source of endogenous ATP, which via activation of presynaptic P2X receptors, facilitates the evoked glutamate release and increases the synaptic transmission efficacy in the NTS- ...
Physiology of Ejaculation
... Retrograde tract-tracing studies suggest a connection between the medial aspect of the SPFp supraspinally and the spinal LSt cells. These neurons express the neuropeptides galanin and cholecystokinin (CCK) [43, 44]. These galanin-specific nerve fibers have also been found to correlate with ejaculati ...
... Retrograde tract-tracing studies suggest a connection between the medial aspect of the SPFp supraspinally and the spinal LSt cells. These neurons express the neuropeptides galanin and cholecystokinin (CCK) [43, 44]. These galanin-specific nerve fibers have also been found to correlate with ejaculati ...