Vestibular System: The Many Facets of a
... advantage of this streamlined circuitry is that vestibular sensorimotor responses have extraordinarily short latencies. For example, the latency of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is as short as 5–6 ms. Simple pathways also mediate the vestibulo-spinal reflexes that are important for maintaining pos ...
... advantage of this streamlined circuitry is that vestibular sensorimotor responses have extraordinarily short latencies. For example, the latency of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is as short as 5–6 ms. Simple pathways also mediate the vestibulo-spinal reflexes that are important for maintaining pos ...
Receptive fields and suppressive fields in the
... Hubel and Wiesel, 1961). Disks and bars (Cleland et al., 1983; Jones and Sillito, 1991; Murphy and Sillito, 1987), however, were inadequate stimuli to study this reduction; with such stimuli it is not clear if response reduction could be simply explained by the antagonistic surround of the receptive ...
... Hubel and Wiesel, 1961). Disks and bars (Cleland et al., 1983; Jones and Sillito, 1991; Murphy and Sillito, 1987), however, were inadequate stimuli to study this reduction; with such stimuli it is not clear if response reduction could be simply explained by the antagonistic surround of the receptive ...
Motor Cortex Neural Correlates of Output Kinematics and Kinetics
... it there for 2 s to receive a liquid reward (Fig. 2A). The animals generated force ramps aimed at each target from their onset, and did not initially relax the bias force. Targets were spaced at 45° intervals, starting from 0° (to the right) and progressing counterclockwise. The eight targets were r ...
... it there for 2 s to receive a liquid reward (Fig. 2A). The animals generated force ramps aimed at each target from their onset, and did not initially relax the bias force. Targets were spaced at 45° intervals, starting from 0° (to the right) and progressing counterclockwise. The eight targets were r ...
Confidence-Related Decision Making
... decision. Noise resulting from the random spiking times of individual neurons makes the decision making probabilistic. We also show that a second attractor network can make decisions based on the confidence in the first decision. This system is supported by and accounts for neuronal responses record ...
... decision. Noise resulting from the random spiking times of individual neurons makes the decision making probabilistic. We also show that a second attractor network can make decisions based on the confidence in the first decision. This system is supported by and accounts for neuronal responses record ...
A role for Vg1/Nodal signaling in specification of the intermediate
... 2005) testifies to the need for greater basic knowledge regarding IM specification during embryogenesis. The TGFβ family comprises a large group of signaling molecules, including BMPs, TGFβ, Nodal, Vg1, growth and differentiation factors (GDFs) and activin, that have multiple roles in development, p ...
... 2005) testifies to the need for greater basic knowledge regarding IM specification during embryogenesis. The TGFβ family comprises a large group of signaling molecules, including BMPs, TGFβ, Nodal, Vg1, growth and differentiation factors (GDFs) and activin, that have multiple roles in development, p ...
Eye Movements - Center for Neural Science
... one muscle of each antagonistic pair must relax when the other contracts. During movements in which the muscle under study relaxes, the motor neurons innervating that muscle pause during the movement and then resume firing at a reduced rate appropriate for the new orbital position of the eye. Perhap ...
... one muscle of each antagonistic pair must relax when the other contracts. During movements in which the muscle under study relaxes, the motor neurons innervating that muscle pause during the movement and then resume firing at a reduced rate appropriate for the new orbital position of the eye. Perhap ...
Changes in the connections of the main olfactory bulb after mitral
... OR) was injected iontophoretically into the OB. The animals were first anaesthetized with a solution composed of ketamine (120 lg/g body weight [b.w.]), diazepam (8 lg/g b.w.) and atropine (0.48 lg/g b.w.) and were then fixed in a stereotaxic apparatus. After exposing the surface of the skull, the bon ...
... OR) was injected iontophoretically into the OB. The animals were first anaesthetized with a solution composed of ketamine (120 lg/g body weight [b.w.]), diazepam (8 lg/g b.w.) and atropine (0.48 lg/g b.w.) and were then fixed in a stereotaxic apparatus. After exposing the surface of the skull, the bon ...
Understanding Opioid Reward Howard L. Fields and Elyssa B
... stimulation that occurred after a delay (thus degrading the temporal association of dopamine activation with the action that produced it) did not maintain responding. Clearly, there are conditions under which selective activation of TH expressing VTA neurons is sufficient to mediate positive reinfor ...
... stimulation that occurred after a delay (thus degrading the temporal association of dopamine activation with the action that produced it) did not maintain responding. Clearly, there are conditions under which selective activation of TH expressing VTA neurons is sufficient to mediate positive reinfor ...
Title of Study: THE BIOLOGY OF THE COMMON STARFISH AS A
... locom:>tion is extremely complex, and is not duplicated outside of the phylum Echinodermata; and finally, the animal's ability to drop an arm when it is distur~ed and to regenerate into a complete animal from only a small portion of the central disc is not equaled by any of the higher invertebrates. ...
... locom:>tion is extremely complex, and is not duplicated outside of the phylum Echinodermata; and finally, the animal's ability to drop an arm when it is distur~ed and to regenerate into a complete animal from only a small portion of the central disc is not equaled by any of the higher invertebrates. ...
The Optic Tectum in Fishes
... a bewildering variety of forms. In the various cyprinid and perciform species investigated, tectal cell receptive fields probed with flashed or moving spots of light vary greatly in size, ranging from roughly circular fields 2-5 degrees across to complex fields extending some 160 degrees. The latter ...
... a bewildering variety of forms. In the various cyprinid and perciform species investigated, tectal cell receptive fields probed with flashed or moving spots of light vary greatly in size, ranging from roughly circular fields 2-5 degrees across to complex fields extending some 160 degrees. The latter ...
Pain
... transmission cells, which facilitate transmission of nociceptive impulses. Dorsal horn of spinal cord has “gate” that can alter transmission of pain from peripheral nerve fibers to thalamus. ...
... transmission cells, which facilitate transmission of nociceptive impulses. Dorsal horn of spinal cord has “gate” that can alter transmission of pain from peripheral nerve fibers to thalamus. ...
SOM
... – There is no information about the desired class (or output ) d of an example x. So only x is given. – Self Organising Maps (SOM) are neural network models for unsupervised learning, which combine a competitive learning principle with a topological structuring of neurons such that adjacent neurons ...
... – There is no information about the desired class (or output ) d of an example x. So only x is given. – Self Organising Maps (SOM) are neural network models for unsupervised learning, which combine a competitive learning principle with a topological structuring of neurons such that adjacent neurons ...
Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF): Neurotrophic Functions and
... factor for a variety of neurons, including the hippocampal, cerebral cortical, midbrain dopaminergic, motor, sensory, sympathetic, parasympathetic and cerebellar granule neurons in vitro. In vivo, HGF exerts neuroprotective effects in the animal model of cerebrovascular diseases, spinal cord injury, ...
... factor for a variety of neurons, including the hippocampal, cerebral cortical, midbrain dopaminergic, motor, sensory, sympathetic, parasympathetic and cerebellar granule neurons in vitro. In vivo, HGF exerts neuroprotective effects in the animal model of cerebrovascular diseases, spinal cord injury, ...
Multisensory contributions to low-level, `unisensory` processing
... suprageniculate (SG) nuclei of the thalamus, in addition to the magnocellular (MGm) and anterior dorsal (AD) divisions of the medial geniculate nucleus. There is also an input from a population of neurons in the ventral posterior complex (VP), which is the main thalamic relay for the somatosensory s ...
... suprageniculate (SG) nuclei of the thalamus, in addition to the magnocellular (MGm) and anterior dorsal (AD) divisions of the medial geniculate nucleus. There is also an input from a population of neurons in the ventral posterior complex (VP), which is the main thalamic relay for the somatosensory s ...
Slide 1
... controls their timing (reviewed by Deurveilher and Semba, 2005) Without photic stimulation or nonphotic zeitgebers, circadian rhythm is freerunning: SCN is an endogenous pacemaker Transgenic mice that lack rods and cones are functionally blind but are still able to show photic entrainment (reviewe ...
... controls their timing (reviewed by Deurveilher and Semba, 2005) Without photic stimulation or nonphotic zeitgebers, circadian rhythm is freerunning: SCN is an endogenous pacemaker Transgenic mice that lack rods and cones are functionally blind but are still able to show photic entrainment (reviewe ...
World of Children 2 Chapter 4 Physical Development in Infants and Toddlers
... embryo develops neural tube Neural tube later dev. into brain & spinal cord 7 weeks after conception Neurons have formed in the neural tube 10 weeks after conception -Some neuron move to the top of the tube where they form the top of the cerebral cortex Cerebral cortex will eventually have 6 layers ...
... embryo develops neural tube Neural tube later dev. into brain & spinal cord 7 weeks after conception Neurons have formed in the neural tube 10 weeks after conception -Some neuron move to the top of the tube where they form the top of the cerebral cortex Cerebral cortex will eventually have 6 layers ...
Chapter 12 PowerPoint - Hillsborough Community College
... – Evolutionary development of rostral (anterior) portion of CNS – Resulted in increased number of neurons – Highest level reached in human brain ...
... – Evolutionary development of rostral (anterior) portion of CNS – Resulted in increased number of neurons – Highest level reached in human brain ...
Intrinsic laminar lattice connections in primate visual cortex
... HRP injections were made in the lateral convexity of striate cortex. Generally two injections (each estimated as 500-750 pn in diameter) were placed close together, sometimes merging into one large injection site (for instance, SM4 in Figure 1C-G, where the injection is estimated as 1.2 pm across). ...
... HRP injections were made in the lateral convexity of striate cortex. Generally two injections (each estimated as 500-750 pn in diameter) were placed close together, sometimes merging into one large injection site (for instance, SM4 in Figure 1C-G, where the injection is estimated as 1.2 pm across). ...
Embryological Development of the Lower Limb
... Fibroblast growth factors from the AER activate the zone of polarizing activity, which causes expression of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) genes. It has been suggested that Shh secretions (morphogens) control the patterning of the limb along the anterior-posterior axis. ...
... Fibroblast growth factors from the AER activate the zone of polarizing activity, which causes expression of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) genes. It has been suggested that Shh secretions (morphogens) control the patterning of the limb along the anterior-posterior axis. ...
PDF
... Ryugo and Weinberger 1978). Perhaps the initiation of the nonlemniscal pathway begins at the earliest level of the ascending auditory pathway in the GCD of the cochlear nucleus. ...
... Ryugo and Weinberger 1978). Perhaps the initiation of the nonlemniscal pathway begins at the earliest level of the ascending auditory pathway in the GCD of the cochlear nucleus. ...
Image-based Screening Identifies Novel Roles for I B Kinase and
... Cell Culture Model—To develop a screening model for axon degeneration, we began by miniaturizing an existing model of in vitro axon degeneration using murine DRG sensory neurons cultured such that their cell bodies are sequestered in a cluster from which their axons grow radially (10). This arrangem ...
... Cell Culture Model—To develop a screening model for axon degeneration, we began by miniaturizing an existing model of in vitro axon degeneration using murine DRG sensory neurons cultured such that their cell bodies are sequestered in a cluster from which their axons grow radially (10). This arrangem ...
Ulanovsky et al., 2003
... rates (Creutzfeldt et al., 1980; Miller et al., 2002; Yao et al., 2015), and recover more slowly from sensory stimulation (Fitzpatrick et al., 1999), suggesting that forward suppression is, in part, cortically generated. Although it has been argued that forward suppression at the level of the inferi ...
... rates (Creutzfeldt et al., 1980; Miller et al., 2002; Yao et al., 2015), and recover more slowly from sensory stimulation (Fitzpatrick et al., 1999), suggesting that forward suppression is, in part, cortically generated. Although it has been argued that forward suppression at the level of the inferi ...