A computational model of action selection in the basal ganglia. I. A
... In this paper and in Gurney et al. (2001), henceforth referred to as GPR2, we address the second question given above: how might the neurobiological substrate for action selection operate? Our account takes the form of a biologically inspired model of processing intrinsic to the basal ganglia. In de ...
... In this paper and in Gurney et al. (2001), henceforth referred to as GPR2, we address the second question given above: how might the neurobiological substrate for action selection operate? Our account takes the form of a biologically inspired model of processing intrinsic to the basal ganglia. In de ...
Organelle motility and metabolism in axons vs dendrites of cultured
... types. First, in addition to the difference in net transport direction, the large phase-dense organelles exhibited more persistent changes in direction in proximal dendrites where microtubule polarity is mixed than in axons where micro tubule polarity is uniform. Second, while the net direction of ...
... types. First, in addition to the difference in net transport direction, the large phase-dense organelles exhibited more persistent changes in direction in proximal dendrites where microtubule polarity is mixed than in axons where micro tubule polarity is uniform. Second, while the net direction of ...
James Robertson
... Not affected by level of arousal Rather, means of SD affected subsequent arousal CC reduced latency to sleep to control levels Delta power similar to GH SD DNM1-mediated regulation of presynaptic endocytosis and the level of arousal NDRG2 increase = involvement of glial cells ...
... Not affected by level of arousal Rather, means of SD affected subsequent arousal CC reduced latency to sleep to control levels Delta power similar to GH SD DNM1-mediated regulation of presynaptic endocytosis and the level of arousal NDRG2 increase = involvement of glial cells ...
Control and Coordination
... In addition to physical injuries, the nervous system can also be affected by substances you take into your body. Drugs are chemicals that affect the body’s functions. Many drugs affect the nervous system by either speeding up or slowing down the communication between neurons. Some pain medicines slo ...
... In addition to physical injuries, the nervous system can also be affected by substances you take into your body. Drugs are chemicals that affect the body’s functions. Many drugs affect the nervous system by either speeding up or slowing down the communication between neurons. Some pain medicines slo ...
Chapter 1: The Muscle Spindle and the Central
... fine axonal elongated end organs called trail endings (gamma nerve fibers account for 30% of the efferent nerve supply). The motor end plates occur only on the nuclear bag fibers (each fiber having several) and the trail endings occur only on the nuclear chain. These endings are supplied by efferent ...
... fine axonal elongated end organs called trail endings (gamma nerve fibers account for 30% of the efferent nerve supply). The motor end plates occur only on the nuclear bag fibers (each fiber having several) and the trail endings occur only on the nuclear chain. These endings are supplied by efferent ...
Noradrenergic Suppression of Synaptic Transmission May Influence Cortical Signal-to-Noise Ratio
... These changes in signal-to-noise ratio presumably result from the modulatory effects of norepinephrine on cellular physiology. A number of cellular effects of norepinephrine could contribute to this change in dynamics. Here we focus on the role of the noradrenergic suppression of excitatory synaptic ...
... These changes in signal-to-noise ratio presumably result from the modulatory effects of norepinephrine on cellular physiology. A number of cellular effects of norepinephrine could contribute to this change in dynamics. Here we focus on the role of the noradrenergic suppression of excitatory synaptic ...
Stimulation of Medial Prefrontal Cortex Decreases
... Rat experiments. All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Ponce School of Medicine, in compliance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Department of Health and Human Services publication 86-23). Experiments were performed in 10 male ...
... Rat experiments. All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Ponce School of Medicine, in compliance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Department of Health and Human Services publication 86-23). Experiments were performed in 10 male ...
The contribution of intrinsic membrane dynamics to fast network
... 100 –200 Hz sharp-wave ripples) single cortical neurons typically fire irregularly at rates that are much lower than the oscillation frequency. Recent computational studies have provided a mathematical description of such fast oscillations, using the leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neuron model. Here ...
... 100 –200 Hz sharp-wave ripples) single cortical neurons typically fire irregularly at rates that are much lower than the oscillation frequency. Recent computational studies have provided a mathematical description of such fast oscillations, using the leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neuron model. Here ...
Meaningful auditory information enhances perception of visual
... auditory signals could have served as temporal references, thereby narrowing the uncertainty window about the timing of the visual signals (and helping to ignore the noise signals). As the tap auditory sequences used in this experiment were the original sequences (not substituted with a template), t ...
... auditory signals could have served as temporal references, thereby narrowing the uncertainty window about the timing of the visual signals (and helping to ignore the noise signals). As the tap auditory sequences used in this experiment were the original sequences (not substituted with a template), t ...
Binding and Cytotoxic Effects of Clostdium botulinum Type A, C1
... prepared from brains of foetal mice, but binding of type E toxin was weak. None of the toxin types bound to the feeder layer, composed of non-neuronal cells. The heavy-chain component of the type C1toxin bound to neurons, but the light chain component did not. Type C, toxin also bound only to cell l ...
... prepared from brains of foetal mice, but binding of type E toxin was weak. None of the toxin types bound to the feeder layer, composed of non-neuronal cells. The heavy-chain component of the type C1toxin bound to neurons, but the light chain component did not. Type C, toxin also bound only to cell l ...
MIrror neuRons based RObot Recognition - LIRA-Lab
... visual responses (“visual neurons” and “bimodal neurons”), 41% respond to the observations of actions made by another individual. One third of them, however, similarly to STS neurons, do not appear to have motor-related activity. The other two-third discharge also during the monkey movement and, in ...
... visual responses (“visual neurons” and “bimodal neurons”), 41% respond to the observations of actions made by another individual. One third of them, however, similarly to STS neurons, do not appear to have motor-related activity. The other two-third discharge also during the monkey movement and, in ...
Human Growth and Reproduction
... Weight is about 6 to 7 ounces Fetus is developing reflexes such as sucking and swallowing. Fetus may begin sucking his/her thumb Tooth buds are developing Sweat glands are forming on palms and soles Fingers and toes are well defined Sex is identifiable Skin is bright pink, transparent and covered wi ...
... Weight is about 6 to 7 ounces Fetus is developing reflexes such as sucking and swallowing. Fetus may begin sucking his/her thumb Tooth buds are developing Sweat glands are forming on palms and soles Fingers and toes are well defined Sex is identifiable Skin is bright pink, transparent and covered wi ...
Chapter 3
... • Lower motor neurons extend from the brain stem or spinal cord to skeletal muscles. • These lower motor neurons are called the final common pathway because many regulatory mechanisms converge on these peripheral neurons. ...
... • Lower motor neurons extend from the brain stem or spinal cord to skeletal muscles. • These lower motor neurons are called the final common pathway because many regulatory mechanisms converge on these peripheral neurons. ...
Preferred visually evoked spatial and temporal frequencies in
... Variations in light reflected from all parts of our physical world create an image that is represented and processed in our visual system. In mammals the visual cortex is essential for processing of visual input from the eyes. The region is divided into different areas and this study will focus on t ...
... Variations in light reflected from all parts of our physical world create an image that is represented and processed in our visual system. In mammals the visual cortex is essential for processing of visual input from the eyes. The region is divided into different areas and this study will focus on t ...
The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes
... • Anterior white columns lie between anterior gray horns and anterior median fissure • Anterior white commissure area where axons cross from one side of spinal cord to the other ...
... • Anterior white columns lie between anterior gray horns and anterior median fissure • Anterior white commissure area where axons cross from one side of spinal cord to the other ...
Chapter 3
... • Lower motor neurons extend from the brain stem or spinal cord to skeletal muscles. • These lower motor neurons are called the final common pathway because many regulatory mechanisms converge on these peripheral neurons. ...
... • Lower motor neurons extend from the brain stem or spinal cord to skeletal muscles. • These lower motor neurons are called the final common pathway because many regulatory mechanisms converge on these peripheral neurons. ...
Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever
... Changes in environmental temperature have direct and more rapid effects on skin temperature than on temperatures within the body core. When environmental temperature is lowered, skin temperature rapidly falls, whereas brain and rectal temperatures are not affected or slightly increased in rats (17, ...
... Changes in environmental temperature have direct and more rapid effects on skin temperature than on temperatures within the body core. When environmental temperature is lowered, skin temperature rapidly falls, whereas brain and rectal temperatures are not affected or slightly increased in rats (17, ...
Hindbrain Glucoprivation Effects on Gastric Vagal Reflex Circuits
... for iontophoretic marking of recording sites, was used in the identification and recording of activity of gastric-NST or -DMN neurons, as described previously (McCann et al., 1992; Viard et al., 2012). Extracellular signals from the micropipette were amplified (5000⫻; WPI DAM 50 Differential Amplifi ...
... for iontophoretic marking of recording sites, was used in the identification and recording of activity of gastric-NST or -DMN neurons, as described previously (McCann et al., 1992; Viard et al., 2012). Extracellular signals from the micropipette were amplified (5000⫻; WPI DAM 50 Differential Amplifi ...
A role for subplate neurons in the patterning of
... acid into the subplate at E43. The vast majority of later-generated neurons of the cortical plate remain intact (Chun and Shatz, 1988b), presumably because at these early ages they are sufficiently immature to be insensitive to kainate neurotoxicity (Coyle et al., 1978, 1981). The extent of the lesi ...
... acid into the subplate at E43. The vast majority of later-generated neurons of the cortical plate remain intact (Chun and Shatz, 1988b), presumably because at these early ages they are sufficiently immature to be insensitive to kainate neurotoxicity (Coyle et al., 1978, 1981). The extent of the lesi ...
The representation of Kanizsa illusory contours in the monkey
... are called illusory (or subjective) contours. Illusory and real contours activate early stages of the macaque visual pathway in similar ways. However, data relating to the processing of illusory contours in higher visual areas are scarce. We recently reported how illusory contours based on abutting- ...
... are called illusory (or subjective) contours. Illusory and real contours activate early stages of the macaque visual pathway in similar ways. However, data relating to the processing of illusory contours in higher visual areas are scarce. We recently reported how illusory contours based on abutting- ...
Central Nervous System
... Myelin is formed by Schwann cells and is found on the axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The outer cell membrane of a Schwann cell is called the neurilemma. This plays a critical role in regeneration of cut and injured axons. Axons in the brain and SC do not have neurilemma, so the po ...
... Myelin is formed by Schwann cells and is found on the axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The outer cell membrane of a Schwann cell is called the neurilemma. This plays a critical role in regeneration of cut and injured axons. Axons in the brain and SC do not have neurilemma, so the po ...
Co-activation of VTA DA and GABA neurons mediates nicotine
... consequences.1 Dissecting the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of this disorder has recently made important progress with the use of genetically modified mice,2 but they remain far from being understood in detail. The identification of novel drug targets for the design of smoking cessation medica ...
... consequences.1 Dissecting the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of this disorder has recently made important progress with the use of genetically modified mice,2 but they remain far from being understood in detail. The identification of novel drug targets for the design of smoking cessation medica ...
concurrent, distributed control of saccade initiation in the frontal eye
... and in the Interstitial nucleus of Cajal for vertical control. Long-lead burst neurons (LLBNs), also located in the brainstem reticular formation, discharge a high frequency burst of action potentials for saccades into the contralateral hemifield. In addition to the burst, these cells also have a lo ...
... and in the Interstitial nucleus of Cajal for vertical control. Long-lead burst neurons (LLBNs), also located in the brainstem reticular formation, discharge a high frequency burst of action potentials for saccades into the contralateral hemifield. In addition to the burst, these cells also have a lo ...
Extra Embryonic Membranes - Directorate of Higher Education, Tripura
... fold is developed. It grows opposite to head fold. c) Mean while lateral folds will develop, they grow dorso-medially. d) After some time head fold, lateral folds, and tail fold will fuse near posterior end of a embryo. e) At 72 of incubation they are still not fused. They show an opening called amn ...
... fold is developed. It grows opposite to head fold. c) Mean while lateral folds will develop, they grow dorso-medially. d) After some time head fold, lateral folds, and tail fold will fuse near posterior end of a embryo. e) At 72 of incubation they are still not fused. They show an opening called amn ...