Learning place cells, grid cells and invariances: A unifying model
... synaptic changes during spatial exploration. In principle, the time scale of plasticitybased models can be augmented arbitrarily by increasing the synaptic learning rates. For stable patterns to emerge, however, significant weight changes must occur only after the animal has visited most of the envi ...
... synaptic changes during spatial exploration. In principle, the time scale of plasticitybased models can be augmented arbitrarily by increasing the synaptic learning rates. For stable patterns to emerge, however, significant weight changes must occur only after the animal has visited most of the envi ...
Choice Coding in Frontal Cortex during Stimulus
... associated with the stimulus, and then use this information to guide their choice. However, with repeated presentation of these choices, the animal may learn to make a specific response when a specific pair of pictures is presented (a stimulus–response association). Reward-predictive neural activity ...
... associated with the stimulus, and then use this information to guide their choice. However, with repeated presentation of these choices, the animal may learn to make a specific response when a specific pair of pictures is presented (a stimulus–response association). Reward-predictive neural activity ...
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... the distal rims of stage-19 to -21 wing buds, from anterior to posterior borders, and found that the digital pattern of duplicated structures induced was influenced by graft position along the anteroposterior axis. The polarity of the duplications was determined by distance of the graft from the map ...
... the distal rims of stage-19 to -21 wing buds, from anterior to posterior borders, and found that the digital pattern of duplicated structures induced was influenced by graft position along the anteroposterior axis. The polarity of the duplications was determined by distance of the graft from the map ...
Purves chs. 15, 19 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... By injecting individual muscle groups with visible tracers that are transported by the axons of the lower motor neurons back to their cell bodies, the lower motor neurons that innervate each of the body’s skeletal muscles can be seen in histological sections of the ventral horns of the spinal cord. ...
... By injecting individual muscle groups with visible tracers that are transported by the axons of the lower motor neurons back to their cell bodies, the lower motor neurons that innervate each of the body’s skeletal muscles can be seen in histological sections of the ventral horns of the spinal cord. ...
Open-loop organization of thalamic reticular nucleus and dorsal
... et al. 2005), suggesting that the excitability of thalamic neurons may be actively modulated during wakefulness. This is consistent with the finding that injection of currents into thalamic cells in vitro, similar to those recorded in vivo, produces a mixture of single spikes and bursts (Wolfart et ...
... et al. 2005), suggesting that the excitability of thalamic neurons may be actively modulated during wakefulness. This is consistent with the finding that injection of currents into thalamic cells in vitro, similar to those recorded in vivo, produces a mixture of single spikes and bursts (Wolfart et ...
Development of Multicellular Organisms
... Genome sequencing reveals the extent of molecular similarities between species. The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the fly Drosophila melanogaster, and the vertebrate Homo sapiens are the first three animals for which a complete genome sequence was obtained. In the family tree of animal evolu ...
... Genome sequencing reveals the extent of molecular similarities between species. The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the fly Drosophila melanogaster, and the vertebrate Homo sapiens are the first three animals for which a complete genome sequence was obtained. In the family tree of animal evolu ...
To maintain homeostasis, cells must work together in a co
... coordinated responses are the nervous and endocrine systems. Neural communication is accomplished by means of nerve cells, or neurons, which are specialized for rapid electrical signaling and for secreting neurotransmitters, shortdistance chemical messengers that act on nearby target ...
... coordinated responses are the nervous and endocrine systems. Neural communication is accomplished by means of nerve cells, or neurons, which are specialized for rapid electrical signaling and for secreting neurotransmitters, shortdistance chemical messengers that act on nearby target ...
Neurophysiological involvement in hypervolemic hyponatremia
... the interstitial tissues, which are taken up by b1-integrinassociated ECM [37]. In this process, integrins can be activated to trigger cellular reactions as identified in hepatocytes [24] and cardiomyocytes [38]. Moreover, both hyper- and hypoosmotic stimuli can activate TRPV4 channels by providing ...
... the interstitial tissues, which are taken up by b1-integrinassociated ECM [37]. In this process, integrins can be activated to trigger cellular reactions as identified in hepatocytes [24] and cardiomyocytes [38]. Moreover, both hyper- and hypoosmotic stimuli can activate TRPV4 channels by providing ...
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... components Hairy2, Herp2 and Lunatic-fringe (L-fringe; Fig. 2A,D; data not shown) are expressed from stage HH3 in the posterior primitive streak where ventral mesoderm cells are being generated. Some of these expression patterns had been reported previously (Caprioli et al., 2002; Jouve et al., 2002 ...
... components Hairy2, Herp2 and Lunatic-fringe (L-fringe; Fig. 2A,D; data not shown) are expressed from stage HH3 in the posterior primitive streak where ventral mesoderm cells are being generated. Some of these expression patterns had been reported previously (Caprioli et al., 2002; Jouve et al., 2002 ...
New Concepts of the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Gonadotropin
... release pattern has been found to be critically important in sustaining gonadotropin secretion [14, 15]. The cellular mechanisms that govern the pulsatile LHRH release process, however, remain poorly understood. Electrophysiological correlates of pulse generator activity have been characterized usin ...
... release pattern has been found to be critically important in sustaining gonadotropin secretion [14, 15]. The cellular mechanisms that govern the pulsatile LHRH release process, however, remain poorly understood. Electrophysiological correlates of pulse generator activity have been characterized usin ...
Spatiotemporal Profiles of Proprioception Processed by
... Muscle spindles in the jaw-closing muscles, which are innervated by trigeminal mesencephalic neurons (MesV neurons), control the strength of occlusion and the position of the mandible. The mechanisms underlying cortical processing of proprioceptive information are critical to understanding how senso ...
... Muscle spindles in the jaw-closing muscles, which are innervated by trigeminal mesencephalic neurons (MesV neurons), control the strength of occlusion and the position of the mandible. The mechanisms underlying cortical processing of proprioceptive information are critical to understanding how senso ...
PREFERENTIAL POTENTIATION OF WEAKER INPUTS TO PRIMARY
... synapses in V1 can be influenced by various neuromodulators. For example, in vitro studies suggest that serotonin lowers the amount of NMDA-dependent LTP that can be obtained in slices of V1 (Edagawa et al., 2001; Kim et al., 2006). In contrast, acetylcholine (ACh) has been shown to facilitate LTP i ...
... synapses in V1 can be influenced by various neuromodulators. For example, in vitro studies suggest that serotonin lowers the amount of NMDA-dependent LTP that can be obtained in slices of V1 (Edagawa et al., 2001; Kim et al., 2006). In contrast, acetylcholine (ACh) has been shown to facilitate LTP i ...
Response Suppression in V1 Agrees with Psychophysics of
... Subjects viewed the stimuli while time series of MRI volumes were acquired (every 1.5 sec) using a T2 *-sensitive, spiral-trajectory, gradientecho pulse sequence (Glover and Lai, 1998; Glover, 1999): echo time (TE), 30 msec; repetition time (TR), 750 msec (two interleaves); flip angle, 55°; field of ...
... Subjects viewed the stimuli while time series of MRI volumes were acquired (every 1.5 sec) using a T2 *-sensitive, spiral-trajectory, gradientecho pulse sequence (Glover and Lai, 1998; Glover, 1999): echo time (TE), 30 msec; repetition time (TR), 750 msec (two interleaves); flip angle, 55°; field of ...
Similarities between Severe Tinnitus and Chronic Pain
... by trauma . However, most individuals with severe tinnitus and chronic pain have no other known pathology. Tinnitus and pain may resolve spontaneously or can become chronic diseases that are difficult to treat. Tinnitus may be generated in the ear but severe tinnitus is often generated in the nervou ...
... by trauma . However, most individuals with severe tinnitus and chronic pain have no other known pathology. Tinnitus and pain may resolve spontaneously or can become chronic diseases that are difficult to treat. Tinnitus may be generated in the ear but severe tinnitus is often generated in the nervou ...
Downloadable Full Text - DSpace@MIT
... on a different subpopulation of VTA DA neurons as well as on GABAergic cells in the RMTg. ChR2-EYFP expressing fibers from the LHb were found in medial posterior VTA in close proximity to DA neurons projecting to mPFC as well as in the RMTg (Supplementary Fig. 12, 13). Importantly, light-evoked EPSC ...
... on a different subpopulation of VTA DA neurons as well as on GABAergic cells in the RMTg. ChR2-EYFP expressing fibers from the LHb were found in medial posterior VTA in close proximity to DA neurons projecting to mPFC as well as in the RMTg (Supplementary Fig. 12, 13). Importantly, light-evoked EPSC ...
Synchronization of Fast (30-40 Hz)
... 1-8 MR). Intracellular recordings of thalamic neurons were performed in acutely prepared animals, with glass micropipettes filled with a solution of potassium acetate (impedance 25-35 Ma), after removal by suction of the overlying portion of cortex and white matter until the head of the caudate nucl ...
... 1-8 MR). Intracellular recordings of thalamic neurons were performed in acutely prepared animals, with glass micropipettes filled with a solution of potassium acetate (impedance 25-35 Ma), after removal by suction of the overlying portion of cortex and white matter until the head of the caudate nucl ...
Electrical Interactions via the Extracellular Potential Near Cell Bodies
... small changes in extracellular potential. The extracellular potentials are in most places less than 1 mV, and it is difficult to see how these could possibly have a significant effect on the transmembrane currents. Larger potentials of 3 to 4 mV occur very briefly and only near the axon initial segm ...
... small changes in extracellular potential. The extracellular potentials are in most places less than 1 mV, and it is difficult to see how these could possibly have a significant effect on the transmembrane currents. Larger potentials of 3 to 4 mV occur very briefly and only near the axon initial segm ...
Cholinergic Elements in the Zebrafish Central Nervous System
... participates in the neural circuits of control of sleep, learning, and memory (Deutsch, 1971; Sitaram et al., 1978; Hagan and Morris, 1988; Hasselmo and Bower, 1993; Jones, 1993; Levin and Simon, 1998; Perry et al., 1999; Van der Zee and Luiten, 1999). In fish, ACh takes part in the alteration of the ...
... participates in the neural circuits of control of sleep, learning, and memory (Deutsch, 1971; Sitaram et al., 1978; Hagan and Morris, 1988; Hasselmo and Bower, 1993; Jones, 1993; Levin and Simon, 1998; Perry et al., 1999; Van der Zee and Luiten, 1999). In fish, ACh takes part in the alteration of the ...
Coincidence Detection or Temporal Integration?
... In cats, SII cortex receives direct projections from the ventrobasal complex (Spreafico et al., 1981; Burton and Kopf, 1984). We recorded neurons in SII cortex instead of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex because receptive fields in SII cortex are larger, and this increased the probability of encoun ...
... In cats, SII cortex receives direct projections from the ventrobasal complex (Spreafico et al., 1981; Burton and Kopf, 1984). We recorded neurons in SII cortex instead of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex because receptive fields in SII cortex are larger, and this increased the probability of encoun ...
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... 40mV is the value of threshold at rest and 5 ms. (note that half-wave where rectification can be discarded here because V is always above EL, as there are only excitatory synapses). This equation ensures that the neuron is always in a fluctuation-driven regime where it is sensitive to coincidences ( ...
... 40mV is the value of threshold at rest and 5 ms. (note that half-wave where rectification can be discarded here because V is always above EL, as there are only excitatory synapses). This equation ensures that the neuron is always in a fluctuation-driven regime where it is sensitive to coincidences ( ...
Principles of Neural Science - Weizmann Institute of Science
... The superior colliculus is a structure of alternating gray cellular and white (axonal) layers lying on the roof of the midbrain. Retinal ganglion cells project directly to the superficial layers and form a map of the contralateral visual field. Cells in the superficial layers in turn project through ...
... The superior colliculus is a structure of alternating gray cellular and white (axonal) layers lying on the roof of the midbrain. Retinal ganglion cells project directly to the superficial layers and form a map of the contralateral visual field. Cells in the superficial layers in turn project through ...
The Physiology and psychology of pain
... The impulse is propagated via the NSTT to the thalamus and then to the cortex, where discrimination and location of the stimulus are assessed. At the same time, noxious stimulation is projected upward toward the RF, the PAG matter, the hypothalamus, and the thalamus via the PSTT Neurons in the thala ...
... The impulse is propagated via the NSTT to the thalamus and then to the cortex, where discrimination and location of the stimulus are assessed. At the same time, noxious stimulation is projected upward toward the RF, the PAG matter, the hypothalamus, and the thalamus via the PSTT Neurons in the thala ...
Print this article - University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life
... occurrence of these fluctuations is due to the manner of levodopa intake [29]. It is hypothesized that orally administered levodopa stimulates dopamine receptors in a pulsatile fashion [29]. Because dopamine receptors normally receive tonic stimulation, the intermittent availability of dopamine resu ...
... occurrence of these fluctuations is due to the manner of levodopa intake [29]. It is hypothesized that orally administered levodopa stimulates dopamine receptors in a pulsatile fashion [29]. Because dopamine receptors normally receive tonic stimulation, the intermittent availability of dopamine resu ...