Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and
... If the CO2 tension in the brain tissue is increased in a selective manner, typical reactions of the cortical field potentials as well as of the membrane potential and the postsynaptic potentials of individual neurons are found. These findings are shown in a summarized schematic view in Fig. 2.14. Th ...
... If the CO2 tension in the brain tissue is increased in a selective manner, typical reactions of the cortical field potentials as well as of the membrane potential and the postsynaptic potentials of individual neurons are found. These findings are shown in a summarized schematic view in Fig. 2.14. Th ...
NEUROGENESIS IN THE ANTERIOR OLFACTORY NUCLEUS AND
... variability between animals in an injection group were large enough to mask this trend. Consequently, cell labeling patterns were analyzed with the sign test. ~1 The sign test determines the consistency of sequential neuron production between paired locations within individual animals. The compariso ...
... variability between animals in an injection group were large enough to mask this trend. Consequently, cell labeling patterns were analyzed with the sign test. ~1 The sign test determines the consistency of sequential neuron production between paired locations within individual animals. The compariso ...
Nociceptors: the sensors of the pain pathway
... electrical signals between periphery and spinal cord (or brainstem) follow a direct axonal pathway, thus reducing the risk of conduction failure (32). Nociceptors are excitatory neurons and release glutamate as their primary neurotransmitter as well as other components including peptides (e.g., subs ...
... electrical signals between periphery and spinal cord (or brainstem) follow a direct axonal pathway, thus reducing the risk of conduction failure (32). Nociceptors are excitatory neurons and release glutamate as their primary neurotransmitter as well as other components including peptides (e.g., subs ...
Gustatory Processing in Drosophila Higher Brain Centers By
... was not identified until much later. This gene is preferentially expressed in the dorsal paired medial (DPM) neurons (Waddell et al., 2000), which have been shown to play an important role in memory consolidation. These genetic studies, and many others like them, have produced profound insights into ...
... was not identified until much later. This gene is preferentially expressed in the dorsal paired medial (DPM) neurons (Waddell et al., 2000), which have been shown to play an important role in memory consolidation. These genetic studies, and many others like them, have produced profound insights into ...
Controlling gene expression with the Q repressible binary
... Q system. This system, derived from genes in Neurospora crassa, uses the transcriptional activator QF to induce the expression of target genes. Activation can be efficiently suppressed by the transcriptional repressor QS, and suppression can be relieved by the nontoxic small molecule quinic acid. We ...
... Q system. This system, derived from genes in Neurospora crassa, uses the transcriptional activator QF to induce the expression of target genes. Activation can be efficiently suppressed by the transcriptional repressor QS, and suppression can be relieved by the nontoxic small molecule quinic acid. We ...
the axon hillock and the initial segment
... Axon hillocks and initial segments have been recognized and studied in electron micrographs of a wide variety of neurons. In all multipolar neurons the fine structure of the initial segment has the same pattern, whether or not the axon is ensheathed in myelin. The internal structure of the initial s ...
... Axon hillocks and initial segments have been recognized and studied in electron micrographs of a wide variety of neurons. In all multipolar neurons the fine structure of the initial segment has the same pattern, whether or not the axon is ensheathed in myelin. The internal structure of the initial s ...
ch_12_lecture_presentation
... • Two groups of efferent axons • Signals from CNS motor neurons to visceral effectors pass synapses at autonomic ganglia dividing axons into: • Preganglionic fibers • Postganglionic fibers ...
... • Two groups of efferent axons • Signals from CNS motor neurons to visceral effectors pass synapses at autonomic ganglia dividing axons into: • Preganglionic fibers • Postganglionic fibers ...
Sensory Nerves in Adult Rats Regenerate and Restore Sensory
... trunk and its associated blood vessels to a transparent film. The completeness of the crush (a critically important concern in experiments of this kind) was verified by reanesthetizing the animal within 2 d and testing the appropriate regions of the skin for pinch sensitivity. If any sensitivity was ...
... trunk and its associated blood vessels to a transparent film. The completeness of the crush (a critically important concern in experiments of this kind) was verified by reanesthetizing the animal within 2 d and testing the appropriate regions of the skin for pinch sensitivity. If any sensitivity was ...
A dendritic disinhibitory circuit mechanism for pathway
... pathways. Opening the gate for the visual pathway while closing the gate for the auditory pathway allows you to focus on reading (Fig. 1b). In the classic Stroop task, the subject is shown a coloured word, and is asked to either name the colour or read the word. One possible solution to this task is ...
... pathways. Opening the gate for the visual pathway while closing the gate for the auditory pathway allows you to focus on reading (Fig. 1b). In the classic Stroop task, the subject is shown a coloured word, and is asked to either name the colour or read the word. One possible solution to this task is ...
Dopamine-Independent Locomotion Following Blockade of N
... variety of neurotransmitter receptors in the VTA elicits a motor stimulant response, including -opioid, neurotensin, Substance P, ionotropic glutamate (NMDA, AMPA, and kainate subtypes), and GABAA receptors (for review, see Kalivas, 1993). In all instances, the motor stimulant response has been sho ...
... variety of neurotransmitter receptors in the VTA elicits a motor stimulant response, including -opioid, neurotensin, Substance P, ionotropic glutamate (NMDA, AMPA, and kainate subtypes), and GABAA receptors (for review, see Kalivas, 1993). In all instances, the motor stimulant response has been sho ...
Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Neuronal Cell Death in
... activity and m2-muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (m2-AChR). Animals subjected to stress and chemicals exhibited both disruption of the BBB and neuronal cell death in the cingulate cortex, the dentate gyrus, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus. Other regions of the brain, although they demonstrated ...
... activity and m2-muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (m2-AChR). Animals subjected to stress and chemicals exhibited both disruption of the BBB and neuronal cell death in the cingulate cortex, the dentate gyrus, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus. Other regions of the brain, although they demonstrated ...
pdf file - Center for Theoretical Neuroscience
... The roots of the longstanding controversy over the synaptic mechanisms underlying orientation selectivity lie in the complexity of the cortical circuit. It is easy to say that orientation selectivity in cats emerges at a single synapse between the terminals of geniculate relay cell axons and the cor ...
... The roots of the longstanding controversy over the synaptic mechanisms underlying orientation selectivity lie in the complexity of the cortical circuit. It is easy to say that orientation selectivity in cats emerges at a single synapse between the terminals of geniculate relay cell axons and the cor ...
The what, where and how of auditory
... the posterior auditory cortex (part of the dorsal stream), whereas non-spatial activity is observed across the temporal lobe35. Finally, other findings have shown that the ventral stream is involved in the categorization of speech sounds36–38, which is an important component of auditory-object proce ...
... the posterior auditory cortex (part of the dorsal stream), whereas non-spatial activity is observed across the temporal lobe35. Finally, other findings have shown that the ventral stream is involved in the categorization of speech sounds36–38, which is an important component of auditory-object proce ...
Learning to represent reward structure: A key to adapting to complex
... and constraints are refined, which we do not attempt here. The numeric prediction construct and its learning signal are at the heart of the formulation, and they are called the value function and TD error, respectively. The value function defines a solution for the balancing problem, while TD error pr ...
... and constraints are refined, which we do not attempt here. The numeric prediction construct and its learning signal are at the heart of the formulation, and they are called the value function and TD error, respectively. The value function defines a solution for the balancing problem, while TD error pr ...
Critical role of extracellularly secreted neuronal pentraxin 1 in
... Background: Developing brain is highly susceptible to hypoxic-ischemic injury leading to severe neurological disabilities in surviving infants and children. Previously we reported induction of neuronal pentraxin 1 (NP1) in hypoxic-ischemic injury in neonatal brain and NP1 co-localization with the ex ...
... Background: Developing brain is highly susceptible to hypoxic-ischemic injury leading to severe neurological disabilities in surviving infants and children. Previously we reported induction of neuronal pentraxin 1 (NP1) in hypoxic-ischemic injury in neonatal brain and NP1 co-localization with the ex ...
BETA ACTIVITY: A CARRIER FOR VISUAL ATTENTION
... same result is obtained by increasing the relative excitability of cells activated by attended objects or voluntary action (Treisman and Gelade 1980, Crick 1994). The possibility exists that both mechanisms cooperate; the attentional mechanism may activate populations of cells thereby allowing them ...
... same result is obtained by increasing the relative excitability of cells activated by attended objects or voluntary action (Treisman and Gelade 1980, Crick 1994). The possibility exists that both mechanisms cooperate; the attentional mechanism may activate populations of cells thereby allowing them ...
The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit
... frontal gyrus; and the inferior parietal lobule, including the cortex located inside the intraparietal sulcus18. Additional cortical areas (such as the dorsal premotor cortex and the superior parietal lobule) have also been occasionally found to be active during action observation and execution19–21 ...
... frontal gyrus; and the inferior parietal lobule, including the cortex located inside the intraparietal sulcus18. Additional cortical areas (such as the dorsal premotor cortex and the superior parietal lobule) have also been occasionally found to be active during action observation and execution19–21 ...
morphological changes in chick embryo neural tissue associated
... associated with apoptosis and necrosis. In vitro studies using primary cultures of chick neurons indicated that hydrocortisone is non-toxic at low concentrations (26.3nM – 3.8M) with the percentage viability ranging between 73% and 88%. A more toxic effect was seen at high concentrations (22.8M). ...
... associated with apoptosis and necrosis. In vitro studies using primary cultures of chick neurons indicated that hydrocortisone is non-toxic at low concentrations (26.3nM – 3.8M) with the percentage viability ranging between 73% and 88%. A more toxic effect was seen at high concentrations (22.8M). ...
The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit: interpretations
... frontal gyrus; and the inferior parietal lobule, including the cortex located inside the intraparietal sulcus18. Additional cortical areas (such as the dorsal premotor cortex and the superior parietal lobule) have also been occasionally found to be active during action observation and execution19–21 ...
... frontal gyrus; and the inferior parietal lobule, including the cortex located inside the intraparietal sulcus18. Additional cortical areas (such as the dorsal premotor cortex and the superior parietal lobule) have also been occasionally found to be active during action observation and execution19–21 ...
Age-Related Uptake of Heavy Metals in Human Spinal Interneurons
... horn is severe in ALS/MND at the time of death, making this tissue unsuitable for examination. We therefore examined spinal cords of people without muscle weakness to look for any presence of heavy metals that could make these neurons susceptible to damage. Spinal cord samples from 50 individuals ag ...
... horn is severe in ALS/MND at the time of death, making this tissue unsuitable for examination. We therefore examined spinal cords of people without muscle weakness to look for any presence of heavy metals that could make these neurons susceptible to damage. Spinal cord samples from 50 individuals ag ...
Lateral Connectivity and Contextual Interactions in Macaque
... contour integration in primary visual cortex (V1): intrinsic horizontal connections and feedback from higher cortical areas. To distinguish between these, we combined functional mapping with a new technique for labeling axons, a recombinant adenovirus bearing the gene for green fluorescent protein ( ...
... contour integration in primary visual cortex (V1): intrinsic horizontal connections and feedback from higher cortical areas. To distinguish between these, we combined functional mapping with a new technique for labeling axons, a recombinant adenovirus bearing the gene for green fluorescent protein ( ...
The Neuroscientist
... often been assumed to simple relay information from the IC to auditory cortex. However, the multiple subdivisions of the MGB have diverse connections with brain circuits responsible for a number of functions, including conditioned avoidance behavior (reviewed Winer 1992). There is also physiological ...
... often been assumed to simple relay information from the IC to auditory cortex. However, the multiple subdivisions of the MGB have diverse connections with brain circuits responsible for a number of functions, including conditioned avoidance behavior (reviewed Winer 1992). There is also physiological ...
Document
... Largest part of the human brain Outer layer of gray matter is the cerebral cortex; made up of lobes; composed mainly of dendrites and cell bodies of neurons Interior of the cerebrum composed mainly of white matter (that is, nerve fibers arranged in bundles called tracts) Functions of the cereb ...
... Largest part of the human brain Outer layer of gray matter is the cerebral cortex; made up of lobes; composed mainly of dendrites and cell bodies of neurons Interior of the cerebrum composed mainly of white matter (that is, nerve fibers arranged in bundles called tracts) Functions of the cereb ...
The role of the mirror neuron system in action understanding and
... Buccino et al. (2001) focused through fMRI on different parts of the premotor cortex and the parietal lobule during the observation of a variety of movements. They found that the MNS in humans is spatially organized, for a large range of movements. For example, the same areas that were activated in ...
... Buccino et al. (2001) focused through fMRI on different parts of the premotor cortex and the parietal lobule during the observation of a variety of movements. They found that the MNS in humans is spatially organized, for a large range of movements. For example, the same areas that were activated in ...