Comparison of population coherence of place cells in hippocampal
... example, if there are different behavioural contingencies associated with the familiar and altered environments). ‘Pattern separation’ refers to this ability of a network to make the representations of two similar input patterns more dissimilar, thus decreasing the probability of recall errors22–25. ...
... example, if there are different behavioural contingencies associated with the familiar and altered environments). ‘Pattern separation’ refers to this ability of a network to make the representations of two similar input patterns more dissimilar, thus decreasing the probability of recall errors22–25. ...
Column-Based Model of Electric Field Excitation of Cerebral Cortex
... et al. [1989] hypothesized that TMS stimulation must be exciting the tangentially oriented neural elements at the gyral crown, such as horizontal interneurons or horizontal collaterals of pyramidal track axons. This inference is based entirely on the assumption that TMS-induced excitation occurs at ...
... et al. [1989] hypothesized that TMS stimulation must be exciting the tangentially oriented neural elements at the gyral crown, such as horizontal interneurons or horizontal collaterals of pyramidal track axons. This inference is based entirely on the assumption that TMS-induced excitation occurs at ...
Discrete coding of stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward
... have recently recorded single-unit activity in the rat dorsal striatum and SNc during a probabilistic ...
... have recently recorded single-unit activity in the rat dorsal striatum and SNc during a probabilistic ...
The expression of the imprinting
... was expressed predominantly in extra-embryonic tissues derived from both the trophectoderm and the ICM while within the embryo expression was restricted to the posterior primitive streak and lateral mesoderm. Prior to gastrulation Ipl expression was restricted to extra-embryonic ectoderm and the ect ...
... was expressed predominantly in extra-embryonic tissues derived from both the trophectoderm and the ICM while within the embryo expression was restricted to the posterior primitive streak and lateral mesoderm. Prior to gastrulation Ipl expression was restricted to extra-embryonic ectoderm and the ect ...
Laminar differences in plasticity in area 17 following retinal lesions
... Circumscribed retinal lesions in adult cats result in a reorganization of circuitry in area 17 such that neurons in the lesion projection zone (LPZ) can now be activated, not from their original receptive ®elds (RFs) but from regions of normal retina adjacent to the lesion (`ectopic' RFs). We have s ...
... Circumscribed retinal lesions in adult cats result in a reorganization of circuitry in area 17 such that neurons in the lesion projection zone (LPZ) can now be activated, not from their original receptive ®elds (RFs) but from regions of normal retina adjacent to the lesion (`ectopic' RFs). We have s ...
Peripheral Nerve Segment Defect Repair
... Nodes of Ranvier – 1 micron wide - separate Schwann cells - 1871: Louis-Antoine Ranvier ...
... Nodes of Ranvier – 1 micron wide - separate Schwann cells - 1871: Louis-Antoine Ranvier ...
in systems and translational endocrinology
... Here, comprehensive evaluation of the progression of pregnancy in Clock/Clock mice is instructive of the periods during pregnancy that are most sensitive to circadian disruption. Clock/Clock mutant females have been shown to have difficulties at multiple stages of pregnancy. Despite a reduced or abs ...
... Here, comprehensive evaluation of the progression of pregnancy in Clock/Clock mice is instructive of the periods during pregnancy that are most sensitive to circadian disruption. Clock/Clock mutant females have been shown to have difficulties at multiple stages of pregnancy. Despite a reduced or abs ...
Volatile Solvents as Drugs of Abuse: Focus on the Cortico
... become aware that solvents were euphorigenic and could possibly produce psychological dependency (Glaser and Massengale, 1962). It is now widely accepted that volatile solvents are a distinct class of abused drugs, and chronic solvent use can lead to a substance use disorder (abuse or dependence), a ...
... become aware that solvents were euphorigenic and could possibly produce psychological dependency (Glaser and Massengale, 1962). It is now widely accepted that volatile solvents are a distinct class of abused drugs, and chronic solvent use can lead to a substance use disorder (abuse or dependence), a ...
VIP in Neurological Diseases: More Than A Neuropeptide
... cells [16-19]. VIP enhances the secretion of the astrocytederived protease nexin I (PNI), the activity-dependent neurotrophic factor (ADNF), and the activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), by astrocytes [20, 21]. All these factors mediate VIP-induced neuroprotection. PNI is a known promot ...
... cells [16-19]. VIP enhances the secretion of the astrocytederived protease nexin I (PNI), the activity-dependent neurotrophic factor (ADNF), and the activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), by astrocytes [20, 21]. All these factors mediate VIP-induced neuroprotection. PNI is a known promot ...
Central Nervous System (CNS) The Brain Embryonic Development
... • Similar to spinal cord but with additional areas of gray matter • Cerebellum has gray matter in nuclei • Cerebrum has nuclei and additional gray matter in the cortex The Central nervous System ...
... • Similar to spinal cord but with additional areas of gray matter • Cerebellum has gray matter in nuclei • Cerebrum has nuclei and additional gray matter in the cortex The Central nervous System ...
Expression of the BDNF gene in the developing
... little is known about molecular mechanisms regulating neuronal survival and development in the central nervous system (CNS). This is because for a long time, NGF was the only molecule available for such studies and there are few NGF-responsive neurons in the CNS, which are difficult to investigate d ...
... little is known about molecular mechanisms regulating neuronal survival and development in the central nervous system (CNS). This is because for a long time, NGF was the only molecule available for such studies and there are few NGF-responsive neurons in the CNS, which are difficult to investigate d ...
Formation of the Bilaminar Embryonic Disc: Second Week
... the umbilical vesicle The extraembryonic somatic mesoderm and the two layers of trophoblast form the chorion (see Fig. 3-7B). The chorion forms the wall of the chorionic sac, within which the embryo and its amniotic sac and umbilical vesicle are suspended by the connecting stalk. The extraembryonic ...
... the umbilical vesicle The extraembryonic somatic mesoderm and the two layers of trophoblast form the chorion (see Fig. 3-7B). The chorion forms the wall of the chorionic sac, within which the embryo and its amniotic sac and umbilical vesicle are suspended by the connecting stalk. The extraembryonic ...
Neural Activity in Macaque Parietal Cortex Reflects
... Decision-making often requires the accumulation and maintenance of evidence over time. Although the neural signals underlying sensory processing have been studied extensively, little is known about how the brain accrues and holds these sensory signals to guide later actions. Previous work has sugges ...
... Decision-making often requires the accumulation and maintenance of evidence over time. Although the neural signals underlying sensory processing have been studied extensively, little is known about how the brain accrues and holds these sensory signals to guide later actions. Previous work has sugges ...
The Big Picture File
... • Motor aspects are under our conscious and voluntary control • CNS control of somatic muscles: arises in pre-central region of the cortex • Then via cranial nerves and spinal nerves to all skeletal muscles ...
... • Motor aspects are under our conscious and voluntary control • CNS control of somatic muscles: arises in pre-central region of the cortex • Then via cranial nerves and spinal nerves to all skeletal muscles ...
Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental
... Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons have important roles in adaptive and pathological brain functions related to reward and motivation. However, it is unknown whether subpopulations of VTA dopamine neurons participate in distinct circuits that encode different motivational signatures, and ...
... Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons have important roles in adaptive and pathological brain functions related to reward and motivation. However, it is unknown whether subpopulations of VTA dopamine neurons participate in distinct circuits that encode different motivational signatures, and ...
ficient mice: Distinct effects in Finnish variant late infantile NCL
... measurements were made on the same one-in-six series of Nissl stained sections for primary motor (M1), primary somatosensory (S1BF), primary visual (V1) and lateral entorhinal (LEnt) cortex using an ×1.25 objective as described previously (Bible et al., 2004; Pontikis et al., 2004), using anatomical ...
... measurements were made on the same one-in-six series of Nissl stained sections for primary motor (M1), primary somatosensory (S1BF), primary visual (V1) and lateral entorhinal (LEnt) cortex using an ×1.25 objective as described previously (Bible et al., 2004; Pontikis et al., 2004), using anatomical ...
Inhibitory Gating of Basolateral Amygdala Inputs to the Prefrontal
... Carter, 2013). However, the overall influence of BLA inputs could be inhibitory if connections are stronger onto local GABAergic interneurons. The PFC also possesses a variety of GABAergic interneurons, which have distinct morphological and physiological properties, including parvalbumin (PV) and so ...
... Carter, 2013). However, the overall influence of BLA inputs could be inhibitory if connections are stronger onto local GABAergic interneurons. The PFC also possesses a variety of GABAergic interneurons, which have distinct morphological and physiological properties, including parvalbumin (PV) and so ...
Somatodendritic dopamine release - Philosophical Transactions of
... [88,91 –94], with greater susceptibility of ventral tier neurons of the SNc to degeneration in PD (and animal models of the disease) than those in the dorsal tier of SNc or the VTA [95,96]. Among other biochemical differences, dorsal tier SNc DA neurons and VTA DA neurons are enriched in the Ca2þ-bu ...
... [88,91 –94], with greater susceptibility of ventral tier neurons of the SNc to degeneration in PD (and animal models of the disease) than those in the dorsal tier of SNc or the VTA [95,96]. Among other biochemical differences, dorsal tier SNc DA neurons and VTA DA neurons are enriched in the Ca2þ-bu ...
Sample
... ANS: d, p. 46, C/A, Difficulty=2 2-33. Which activity involves activation of the parasympathetic system? a) picking up a ball b) studying for a final exam c) resting after a stressful drive home d) getting “psyched up” to play an important tennis match ANS: c, p. 46, C/A, Difficulty=2 2-34. Homeosta ...
... ANS: d, p. 46, C/A, Difficulty=2 2-33. Which activity involves activation of the parasympathetic system? a) picking up a ball b) studying for a final exam c) resting after a stressful drive home d) getting “psyched up” to play an important tennis match ANS: c, p. 46, C/A, Difficulty=2 2-34. Homeosta ...
Role of Active Movement in Place-Specific Firing of Hippocampal
... versus passive navigation, thus it is difficult to determine whether hippocampal neurons maintain or alter their firing patterns across the two navigation conditions. In the present study, we compared firing patterns of hippocampal neurons across active and passive navigation conditions in the same env ...
... versus passive navigation, thus it is difficult to determine whether hippocampal neurons maintain or alter their firing patterns across the two navigation conditions. In the present study, we compared firing patterns of hippocampal neurons across active and passive navigation conditions in the same env ...
Goodwin S.F., Taylor, B.J., Villella, A., Foss, M., Ryner, L. C., Baker, B. S., and Hall, J. C.
... in a recording chamber (cf. Villella and Hall 1996; Villella et al. 1997) with either another male of the same genotype or a wild-type female (1–5 days old); the fly pairs were video- and audio-recorded for 5–10 min. A courtship index (CI) was calculated for each frusat male as described previously ...
... in a recording chamber (cf. Villella and Hall 1996; Villella et al. 1997) with either another male of the same genotype or a wild-type female (1–5 days old); the fly pairs were video- and audio-recorded for 5–10 min. A courtship index (CI) was calculated for each frusat male as described previously ...
Neural circuits underlying the generation of theta oscillations
... Limbic system Neuronal networks ...
... Limbic system Neuronal networks ...