Neuronal innervation of the exocrine defence glands in stick insects
... defence have evolved in abundance amongst animals. They increase the potential for survival and thus contribute to the individual fitness of an organism. Two modes of defence are commonly distinguished: primary defence mechanisms (avoiding detection or contact, e. g. by crypsis) and secondary defenc ...
... defence have evolved in abundance amongst animals. They increase the potential for survival and thus contribute to the individual fitness of an organism. Two modes of defence are commonly distinguished: primary defence mechanisms (avoiding detection or contact, e. g. by crypsis) and secondary defenc ...
Magel2 Is Required for Leptin-Mediated Depolarization of POMC
... deficiency of leptin (MIM 164160) [9], leptin receptor mutations (MIM 601007) [10], MC4R melanocortin receptor mutations (MIM 601665) [11], and Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (MIM 209900) [12]. Impaired energy homeostasis may also contribute to the severe hyperphagia and obesity seen in people with Prader-Wi ...
... deficiency of leptin (MIM 164160) [9], leptin receptor mutations (MIM 601007) [10], MC4R melanocortin receptor mutations (MIM 601665) [11], and Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (MIM 209900) [12]. Impaired energy homeostasis may also contribute to the severe hyperphagia and obesity seen in people with Prader-Wi ...
The transmembrane proteins UNC-40/DCC, PTP-3/LAR
... UNC-40 in QL posterior migration. We also show that in right-side QR, the UNC40 and PTP-3/MIG-21 pathways mutually inhibit each other’s role in posterior migration, allowing anterior QR migration. Finally, we present evidence that these proteins act autonomously in the Q neuroblasts. These studies i ...
... UNC-40 in QL posterior migration. We also show that in right-side QR, the UNC40 and PTP-3/MIG-21 pathways mutually inhibit each other’s role in posterior migration, allowing anterior QR migration. Finally, we present evidence that these proteins act autonomously in the Q neuroblasts. These studies i ...
What and Where Information in the Caudate Tail Guides Saccades
... pathways. Here, we provide evidence suggesting that a basal ganglia circuit through the tail of the monkey caudate nucleus (CDt) guides such object-directed saccades. First, many CDt neurons responded to visual objects depending on where and what the objects were. Second, electrical stimulation in t ...
... pathways. Here, we provide evidence suggesting that a basal ganglia circuit through the tail of the monkey caudate nucleus (CDt) guides such object-directed saccades. First, many CDt neurons responded to visual objects depending on where and what the objects were. Second, electrical stimulation in t ...
Delayed Puberty but Normal Fertility in Mice With Selective Deletion
... diabetic rats display reproductive abnormalities, which can be ameliorated by central administration of insulin (12-14). In humans, type 1 diabetes also disrupts puberty and reproduction (15, 16). Although insulin was originally thought to be acting directly on GnRH neurons (8, 9, 17, 18), a recent ...
... diabetic rats display reproductive abnormalities, which can be ameliorated by central administration of insulin (12-14). In humans, type 1 diabetes also disrupts puberty and reproduction (15, 16). Although insulin was originally thought to be acting directly on GnRH neurons (8, 9, 17, 18), a recent ...
stimulus conditions area MT of the macaque monkey under matched
... effects inherited from earlier areas or structures (Kohn and Movshon 2003; Movshon and Lennie 1979; Nelson 1991a, 1991b; Ohzawa et al. 1985; Priebe et al. 2002). However, these have focused on changes in responsivity (or contrast sensitivity) to a single stimulus and have not probed whether tuning i ...
... effects inherited from earlier areas or structures (Kohn and Movshon 2003; Movshon and Lennie 1979; Nelson 1991a, 1991b; Ohzawa et al. 1985; Priebe et al. 2002). However, these have focused on changes in responsivity (or contrast sensitivity) to a single stimulus and have not probed whether tuning i ...
On the use of cognitive maps - David Redish
... behavior associated with cognitive maps implies the use of transition models in reinforcement learning algorithms. In contrast to model-free algorithms that depend on current experience only, model-based reinforcement algorithms represent sensory or state information beyond the modeled animal’s curr ...
... behavior associated with cognitive maps implies the use of transition models in reinforcement learning algorithms. In contrast to model-free algorithms that depend on current experience only, model-based reinforcement algorithms represent sensory or state information beyond the modeled animal’s curr ...
The multifunctional lateral geniculate nucleus
... include the influence of two extrinsic inputs: a large ‘feedback’ projection from layer VI of visual cortex (for implementation of graceful degradation, discussed below) and an equally large ascending projection from the brainstem (gating by state, arousal, attention, and eye movements). Figure 2 (l ...
... include the influence of two extrinsic inputs: a large ‘feedback’ projection from layer VI of visual cortex (for implementation of graceful degradation, discussed below) and an equally large ascending projection from the brainstem (gating by state, arousal, attention, and eye movements). Figure 2 (l ...
Formation of a full complement of cranial proprioceptors requires
... Neurotrophins are a family of trophic factors essential for the survival and differentiation of neurons. This family includes nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT3), and neurotrophin-4 (NT4). NT3 is essential for the development of proprioception in ...
... Neurotrophins are a family of trophic factors essential for the survival and differentiation of neurons. This family includes nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT3), and neurotrophin-4 (NT4). NT3 is essential for the development of proprioception in ...
A behavioral switch: cGMP and PKC signaling in olfactory neurons
... the anatomical or physiological pathways for behavioral preference are largely undefined. At one extreme, there could be a complete labeled-line segregation of sensory projections, as proposed in Drosophila, where sweet and bitter taste fibers project to different target regions in the brain (Thorne ...
... the anatomical or physiological pathways for behavioral preference are largely undefined. At one extreme, there could be a complete labeled-line segregation of sensory projections, as proposed in Drosophila, where sweet and bitter taste fibers project to different target regions in the brain (Thorne ...
Getting to Know You: Reputation and Trust in a Two
... by their partner—a behavioral finding mirrored by neural responses in the dorsal striatum. Here, analyses within and between brains revealed two signals—one encoded by response magnitude, and the other by response timing. Response magnitude correlated with the ‘‘intention to trust’’ on the next play ...
... by their partner—a behavioral finding mirrored by neural responses in the dorsal striatum. Here, analyses within and between brains revealed two signals—one encoded by response magnitude, and the other by response timing. Response magnitude correlated with the ‘‘intention to trust’’ on the next play ...
Cell fate, morphogenetic movement and population
... contributed partially or entirely to ectoderm and mesoderm. This loss from the endoderm layer was compensated by posterior-derived cells that remained in endoderm having more surviving descendants (8-4 h population doubling time) than did anterior-derived cells (10-5 h population doubling time). The ...
... contributed partially or entirely to ectoderm and mesoderm. This loss from the endoderm layer was compensated by posterior-derived cells that remained in endoderm having more surviving descendants (8-4 h population doubling time) than did anterior-derived cells (10-5 h population doubling time). The ...
Specialized prefrontal "auditory fields": organization of primate
... keeping track of information for future decisions. These patterns suggest that the auditory association links of area 10 are critical for complex cognition. The first part of this review focuses on the organization of prefrontal-auditory pathways at the level of the system and the synapse, with a pa ...
... keeping track of information for future decisions. These patterns suggest that the auditory association links of area 10 are critical for complex cognition. The first part of this review focuses on the organization of prefrontal-auditory pathways at the level of the system and the synapse, with a pa ...
Development of the brain stem in the rat. V. Thymidine‐radiographic
... neurons. Most investigators denied the existence of connections with the inferior colliculus. The assumption that the uarabigeminal nucleus is part of the brain stem visual system is supported by physiological evidence (Sherk, '78). ...
... neurons. Most investigators denied the existence of connections with the inferior colliculus. The assumption that the uarabigeminal nucleus is part of the brain stem visual system is supported by physiological evidence (Sherk, '78). ...
Caudal Topographic Nucleus Isthmi and the Rostra1
... neurons labeled in Imr, nucleus lentiformis mesencephali, or profundus mesencephali rostralis (PMr). The axons of neurons in those nuclei were reconstructed from serial sections and found to branch widely, sparsely innervating large areas of the tectum. Fourth, the dense thickets are not terminals o ...
... neurons labeled in Imr, nucleus lentiformis mesencephali, or profundus mesencephali rostralis (PMr). The axons of neurons in those nuclei were reconstructed from serial sections and found to branch widely, sparsely innervating large areas of the tectum. Fourth, the dense thickets are not terminals o ...
Programme - biomed.cas.cz
... J. TEISINGER, V. VLACHOVÁ, Prague 2. PKA dependent effect of pregnenolone sulfate on NMDA receptors expressed in hippocampal neurons M. PETROVIC, H. CHODOUNSKÁ, M. SEDLÁČEK, L. VYKLICKÝ JR., Prague 3. The changes in phosphatidyl inositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2) levels related to the TRPA1 channel ac ...
... J. TEISINGER, V. VLACHOVÁ, Prague 2. PKA dependent effect of pregnenolone sulfate on NMDA receptors expressed in hippocampal neurons M. PETROVIC, H. CHODOUNSKÁ, M. SEDLÁČEK, L. VYKLICKÝ JR., Prague 3. The changes in phosphatidyl inositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2) levels related to the TRPA1 channel ac ...
Complete nervous system 11
... B. Organs of the nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (CNS), made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), made up of peripheral nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. ...
... B. Organs of the nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (CNS), made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), made up of peripheral nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. ...
Receptive Fields and Binaural Interactions for Virtual
... al. 1983; see Irvine 1992 for review). However, free-field studies alone cannot determine which acoustic cues are responsible for this directional sensitivity because they do not allow independent control over each cue. Such control can be achieved in dichotic studies that deliver stimuli through cl ...
... al. 1983; see Irvine 1992 for review). However, free-field studies alone cannot determine which acoustic cues are responsible for this directional sensitivity because they do not allow independent control over each cue. Such control can be achieved in dichotic studies that deliver stimuli through cl ...
Refinement of feedforward projections, neuronal density, and
... visual cortex may involve the action of astrocytes. Astrocytes are known to be involved in guiding axons to their destinations, as well as in synapse formation and elimination. Since neurogenesis occurs earlier than gliogenesis in the developing cortex, it is believed that neurons may provide extrin ...
... visual cortex may involve the action of astrocytes. Astrocytes are known to be involved in guiding axons to their destinations, as well as in synapse formation and elimination. Since neurogenesis occurs earlier than gliogenesis in the developing cortex, it is believed that neurons may provide extrin ...
Rapid Whole Brain Imaging Of Neural Activities In Freely
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Apr. 28, 2017; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/131532. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Apr. 28, 2017; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/131532. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
Zn2 Slows Down CaV3.3 Gating Kinetics: Implications for
... same neuron (Joksovic et al. 2005a; Talley et al. 1999). These include CaV3.1 (Perez-Reyes et al. 1998) and CaV3.2 (Cribbs et al. 1998) channels—which carry the classical fast inactivating T-type current (Carbone and Lux 1984; Fox et al. 1987; Kostyuk et al. 1988)—and the CaV3.3 channels (Lee et al. ...
... same neuron (Joksovic et al. 2005a; Talley et al. 1999). These include CaV3.1 (Perez-Reyes et al. 1998) and CaV3.2 (Cribbs et al. 1998) channels—which carry the classical fast inactivating T-type current (Carbone and Lux 1984; Fox et al. 1987; Kostyuk et al. 1988)—and the CaV3.3 channels (Lee et al. ...
Properties and Functional Role of Voltage
... heat polished before use. Pipettes were filled with an internal solution consisting of (in mM): 140 KCl, 2 MgCl2, 10 EGTA, 2 Na2 ATP, 10 HEPES, pH adjusted to 7.3 with KOH. In some experiments, 30 mM KCl was substituted with 30 mM KF, which enhanced seal formation and stabilized outside-out patches. ...
... heat polished before use. Pipettes were filled with an internal solution consisting of (in mM): 140 KCl, 2 MgCl2, 10 EGTA, 2 Na2 ATP, 10 HEPES, pH adjusted to 7.3 with KOH. In some experiments, 30 mM KCl was substituted with 30 mM KF, which enhanced seal formation and stabilized outside-out patches. ...
Prefrontal and parietal cortex mediate the interference
... [4,5]. It has also been reported that elapsed time is represented by the time-dependent ramping activity of neurons in the posterior parietal cortex in monkeys [6]. In humans, similar timedependent increases of BOLD responses during encoding of long time intervals (9 and 18 s) have been reported in ...
... [4,5]. It has also been reported that elapsed time is represented by the time-dependent ramping activity of neurons in the posterior parietal cortex in monkeys [6]. In humans, similar timedependent increases of BOLD responses during encoding of long time intervals (9 and 18 s) have been reported in ...
Highly Specific Olfactory Receptor Neurons for Types of Amino
... number of action potentials occurring within successive 250-ms time bins for 1 s before and subsequent to the initial onset of the odorinduced EOG. In a subset of experiments, the ITSA was used to analyze the number of action potentials occurring during 1 s before stimulation and the first and third ...
... number of action potentials occurring within successive 250-ms time bins for 1 s before and subsequent to the initial onset of the odorinduced EOG. In a subset of experiments, the ITSA was used to analyze the number of action potentials occurring during 1 s before stimulation and the first and third ...