Structure and Function of the Brain Serotonin System
... general feeling for the numbers involved when we discuss 5-HT anatomy in the CNS. It may seem somewhat surprising that so much has been written about so little, i.e., the neurons in the entire mammalian CNS number in the billions, whereas serotonergic cells number in the thousands. Therefore they co ...
... general feeling for the numbers involved when we discuss 5-HT anatomy in the CNS. It may seem somewhat surprising that so much has been written about so little, i.e., the neurons in the entire mammalian CNS number in the billions, whereas serotonergic cells number in the thousands. Therefore they co ...
Expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating
... increased PACAP mRNA synthesis in a dose-related manner, an effect partially blocked by the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182 780. We postulate that synthesis of PACAP in L6-S1 DRG and utilization in the cervix and spinal cord increase over pregnancy and this synthesis is the under influence ...
... increased PACAP mRNA synthesis in a dose-related manner, an effect partially blocked by the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182 780. We postulate that synthesis of PACAP in L6-S1 DRG and utilization in the cervix and spinal cord increase over pregnancy and this synthesis is the under influence ...
The role of the dorsal lip in the induction of heart mesoderm in
... to show that the neural structures of the secondary axis arise from the ventral tissues of the host. Slack and his colleagues (Smith and Slack, 1983; Dale and Slack, 19876) have developed a model for the establishment of dorsoventral pattern within the marginal zone of the amphibian embryo. This mod ...
... to show that the neural structures of the secondary axis arise from the ventral tissues of the host. Slack and his colleagues (Smith and Slack, 1983; Dale and Slack, 19876) have developed a model for the establishment of dorsoventral pattern within the marginal zone of the amphibian embryo. This mod ...
Development 140, 2691-2696 (2013)
... Mesoderm is formed during gastrulation. This process takes place at the blastopore in lower vertebrates and in the primitive streak (streak) in amniotes. The evolutionary relationship between the blastopore and the streak is unresolved, and the morphogenetic and molecular changes leading to this shi ...
... Mesoderm is formed during gastrulation. This process takes place at the blastopore in lower vertebrates and in the primitive streak (streak) in amniotes. The evolutionary relationship between the blastopore and the streak is unresolved, and the morphogenetic and molecular changes leading to this shi ...
Axonally Synthesized ATF4 Transmits a Neurodegenerative Signal across Brain Regions Baleriola,
... changes within axons may be primary events driving the development of the classical pathological changes (Krstic and Knuesel, 2013). For example, in AD brains with amyloid plaques restricted to the cortex, subcortical neurons with cortical projections degenerate, suggesting that axonal exposure to A ...
... changes within axons may be primary events driving the development of the classical pathological changes (Krstic and Knuesel, 2013). For example, in AD brains with amyloid plaques restricted to the cortex, subcortical neurons with cortical projections degenerate, suggesting that axonal exposure to A ...
Author`s personal copy - Vanderbilt University
... Glaucoma is a common optic neuropathy with a complex etiology often linked to sensitivity to intraocular pressure. Though the precise mechanisms that mediate or transduce this sensitivity are not clear, the axon of the retinal ganglion cell appears to be vulnerable to disease-relevant stressors earl ...
... Glaucoma is a common optic neuropathy with a complex etiology often linked to sensitivity to intraocular pressure. Though the precise mechanisms that mediate or transduce this sensitivity are not clear, the axon of the retinal ganglion cell appears to be vulnerable to disease-relevant stressors earl ...
Full Text - Harvard University
... Opposite to Hull, Skinner approached the study of motivation entirely based on empirical observations. One of Skinner’s key contributions was that response rates and motivation levels of animals can be controlled by schedules of reinforcement imposed by the experimenter. Specifically, he observed th ...
... Opposite to Hull, Skinner approached the study of motivation entirely based on empirical observations. One of Skinner’s key contributions was that response rates and motivation levels of animals can be controlled by schedules of reinforcement imposed by the experimenter. Specifically, he observed th ...
Nicotine excites hypothalamic arcuate anorexigenic
... Hypocretin/orexin cells in the perifornical/lateral hypothalamic area (de Lecea et al. 1998) have also been reported to modulate food intake (Sakurai et al. 1998). Hypocretin neurons enhance the wake state and cognitive arousal (Hagan et al. 1999). As smoking enhances cognitive arousal, it is possib ...
... Hypocretin/orexin cells in the perifornical/lateral hypothalamic area (de Lecea et al. 1998) have also been reported to modulate food intake (Sakurai et al. 1998). Hypocretin neurons enhance the wake state and cognitive arousal (Hagan et al. 1999). As smoking enhances cognitive arousal, it is possib ...
Olfaction and the Chemical Senses
... This chapter presents an introduction to the thesis. My goal has not been to make this review exhaustive, but rather to place the thesis in a broad functional context, and expand on topics where I felt I had a contribution to make or those where substantial progress has been made recently. The inter ...
... This chapter presents an introduction to the thesis. My goal has not been to make this review exhaustive, but rather to place the thesis in a broad functional context, and expand on topics where I felt I had a contribution to make or those where substantial progress has been made recently. The inter ...
From Lesions to Leptin: Review Hypothalamic Control of Food
... dorsomedial (DMH) nuclei. Leptin suppresses the activity of some neurons in the medial arcuate nucleus (shown by a shaded, blue circle) that demonstrate expression of the signaling molecule SOCS-3 but not Fos. Leptin activates neurons that show both Fos and SOCS-3 expression (illustrated by open, re ...
... dorsomedial (DMH) nuclei. Leptin suppresses the activity of some neurons in the medial arcuate nucleus (shown by a shaded, blue circle) that demonstrate expression of the signaling molecule SOCS-3 but not Fos. Leptin activates neurons that show both Fos and SOCS-3 expression (illustrated by open, re ...
Descartes` Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain
... animals. Further, I propose that human reason depends on several brain systems, working in concert across many levels of neuronal organization, rather than on a single brain center. Both "high-level" and "low-level" brain regions, from the prefrontal cortices to the hypothalamus and brain stem, coop ...
... animals. Further, I propose that human reason depends on several brain systems, working in concert across many levels of neuronal organization, rather than on a single brain center. Both "high-level" and "low-level" brain regions, from the prefrontal cortices to the hypothalamus and brain stem, coop ...
Supranuclear control of ocular motility
... Neurons in the fastigial nucleus and nucleus interpositus project to the midbrain near-response cells. A study using single-unit recording demonstrated a far-response region within a posterior nucleus interpositus. Neurons located in this region are active during divergence and accommodation for a f ...
... Neurons in the fastigial nucleus and nucleus interpositus project to the midbrain near-response cells. A study using single-unit recording demonstrated a far-response region within a posterior nucleus interpositus. Neurons located in this region are active during divergence and accommodation for a f ...
The basal ganglia: from motor commands to the
... depends upon the phase of the movement at which they are generated and thus should require real-time estimates of kinematics [28] much like when pushing one’s child on a swing the phase of the swing at which a push is added determines its effect on amplitude and velocity. Controlling the vigor of sk ...
... depends upon the phase of the movement at which they are generated and thus should require real-time estimates of kinematics [28] much like when pushing one’s child on a swing the phase of the swing at which a push is added determines its effect on amplitude and velocity. Controlling the vigor of sk ...
Short-Range Cell-Cell Signals Control Ectodermal Patterning in the
... In normal embryos, the mesomeres of the 16-cell embryo divide equatorially to produce two tiers of cells in the 32cell embryo, termed an1 and an2 by Hörstadius (1973). Based on a compilation of fate map data from a number of sea urchin species, these two tiers of blastomeres generate the ectoderm w ...
... In normal embryos, the mesomeres of the 16-cell embryo divide equatorially to produce two tiers of cells in the 32cell embryo, termed an1 and an2 by Hörstadius (1973). Based on a compilation of fate map data from a number of sea urchin species, these two tiers of blastomeres generate the ectoderm w ...
Large-Scale Functional Connectivity in Associative Learning
... appear to change with learning. This was especially evident in the case where the behavioral relevance of an auditory stimulus depended on a visual stimulus (McIntosh and Gonzalez-Lima 1995). Two groups of rats received pairings of a tone (conditioned excitor: T / ) with a mild footshock. Group TL 0 ...
... appear to change with learning. This was especially evident in the case where the behavioral relevance of an auditory stimulus depended on a visual stimulus (McIntosh and Gonzalez-Lima 1995). Two groups of rats received pairings of a tone (conditioned excitor: T / ) with a mild footshock. Group TL 0 ...
Central projections of the glossopharyngeal and
... system. This system is implicated in the detection and localization of a food source (Atema, '71). The glossopharyngeal and vagal nerve branches innervate only those taste buds located in the oropharyngeal region and thus constitute the oropharyngeal taste system, which is important for selective fo ...
... system. This system is implicated in the detection and localization of a food source (Atema, '71). The glossopharyngeal and vagal nerve branches innervate only those taste buds located in the oropharyngeal region and thus constitute the oropharyngeal taste system, which is important for selective fo ...
A Subjective Distance Between Stimuli: Quantifying the Metric
... on the statistical distribution with which the stimuli are presented, or on the attention being paid by the subject. The aim, hence, of defining a subjective distance between stimuli is to provide a quantitative measure that may serve to determine the degree up to which these different processes— if ...
... on the statistical distribution with which the stimuli are presented, or on the attention being paid by the subject. The aim, hence, of defining a subjective distance between stimuli is to provide a quantitative measure that may serve to determine the degree up to which these different processes— if ...
Serotonin modulates responses to species
... Recordings were made with a single-barreled micropipette glued to the multibarreled array so that the tip of the recording electrode was 10–20 lm from the blunted end of the multibarreled pipette. The recording electrodes had resistances of 8–15 MW. The recording pipette and the central barrel of th ...
... Recordings were made with a single-barreled micropipette glued to the multibarreled array so that the tip of the recording electrode was 10–20 lm from the blunted end of the multibarreled pipette. The recording electrodes had resistances of 8–15 MW. The recording pipette and the central barrel of th ...
Response Properties of Neighboring Neurons in the
... the cell (Nunez, 1981), we assume that all neurons contributing to a multi-unit recording lie within some limited spatial area. This boundary is defined by both the electrode properties (Robinson, 1968) as well as the electrical properties of the neurons and the extracellular space (Nunez, 1981). Ho ...
... the cell (Nunez, 1981), we assume that all neurons contributing to a multi-unit recording lie within some limited spatial area. This boundary is defined by both the electrode properties (Robinson, 1968) as well as the electrical properties of the neurons and the extracellular space (Nunez, 1981). Ho ...
neural projections from nucleus accumbens to globus pallidus
... electrophysiological recordings were made from single neurons in these regions to map the location of units that respond to electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens. Recordings also were made from neurons in dorsal parts of the GP (GPd) before the microelectrode was lowered to the GP, and the ...
... electrophysiological recordings were made from single neurons in these regions to map the location of units that respond to electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens. Recordings also were made from neurons in dorsal parts of the GP (GPd) before the microelectrode was lowered to the GP, and the ...
Elapsed Decision Time Affects the Weighting of Prior
... et al., 2009). Consistent with these theories, prior probability has been shown to have a static representation in the brain (Basso and Wurtz, 1998; Platt and Glimcher, 1999). However, it is unclear how the brain combines this type of representation of prior probability with other sources of informa ...
... et al., 2009). Consistent with these theories, prior probability has been shown to have a static representation in the brain (Basso and Wurtz, 1998; Platt and Glimcher, 1999). However, it is unclear how the brain combines this type of representation of prior probability with other sources of informa ...
The Morphology of Physiologically Identified GABAergic Neurons in
... The types of somesthetic stimuli that were effective in driving the cells were difficult to define. For 20 of the cells, the most effective stimulus was a low frequency (less than 2 Hz) tapping of low to medium intensity applied to a body part. Elsewhere we have referred to this type of unit as a T2 ...
... The types of somesthetic stimuli that were effective in driving the cells were difficult to define. For 20 of the cells, the most effective stimulus was a low frequency (less than 2 Hz) tapping of low to medium intensity applied to a body part. Elsewhere we have referred to this type of unit as a T2 ...
α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
... neuroectodermal origin, and are thought to be essential for brain homeostasis and neuronal function [2]. Evidence suggests that there is enhanced immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the striatum and substantia nigra (SN) of patients with PD and in mice treated with MPTP. In ...
... neuroectodermal origin, and are thought to be essential for brain homeostasis and neuronal function [2]. Evidence suggests that there is enhanced immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the striatum and substantia nigra (SN) of patients with PD and in mice treated with MPTP. In ...
full text - TReAD Lab
... 23]. In primates (but not rodents), the dendritic field of an individual STN neuron occupies only a small portion of the nucleus, which may help compartmentalize the topographic inputs and outputs [24, 25]. Despite these anatomical distinctions, clear evidence for functional differences between thes ...
... 23]. In primates (but not rodents), the dendritic field of an individual STN neuron occupies only a small portion of the nucleus, which may help compartmentalize the topographic inputs and outputs [24, 25]. Despite these anatomical distinctions, clear evidence for functional differences between thes ...
Encoding of target direction and speed during visual instruction and
... signi®cant. This strict criterion was used to avoid spurious, shortduration correlations and to take into account the fact that the binwise regression is based on multiple statistical tests. Two approaches were used to compare neuronal ®ring at different speeds (Fig. 2). The ®rst approach was to `cl ...
... signi®cant. This strict criterion was used to avoid spurious, shortduration correlations and to take into account the fact that the binwise regression is based on multiple statistical tests. Two approaches were used to compare neuronal ®ring at different speeds (Fig. 2). The ®rst approach was to `cl ...