![Subcortical loops through the basal ganglia](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/003452902_1-13d487e0349efa73b03baee28b206318-300x300.png)
Subcortical loops through the basal ganglia
... contact with hindbrain premotor nuclei responsible for directing the animal towards or away from salient cues [32–35]. Deep-layer neurons are responsive to unisensory and multisensory stimuli [35] and exhibit bursts of activity tightly coupled to stimulus onset, to the initiation of a motor response ...
... contact with hindbrain premotor nuclei responsible for directing the animal towards or away from salient cues [32–35]. Deep-layer neurons are responsive to unisensory and multisensory stimuli [35] and exhibit bursts of activity tightly coupled to stimulus onset, to the initiation of a motor response ...
The role of repulsive guidance molecules in the
... Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan During the development of the nervous system, outgrowing axons often have to travel long distances to reach their target neurons. In this process, outgrowing neurites tipped with ...
... Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan During the development of the nervous system, outgrowing axons often have to travel long distances to reach their target neurons. In this process, outgrowing neurites tipped with ...
Circuitry and Function of the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus
... sound level in the two ears that are needed for binaural sound localization. In this chapter, the role of a second CN pathway, that formed by the principal cells of the DCN, is discussed. By the “role” of the DCN, we mean the computations done by the DCN for the other parts of the auditory system. T ...
... sound level in the two ears that are needed for binaural sound localization. In this chapter, the role of a second CN pathway, that formed by the principal cells of the DCN, is discussed. By the “role” of the DCN, we mean the computations done by the DCN for the other parts of the auditory system. T ...
Lights, Camembert, Action! - Human Reward and Decision Making lab
... instances.33 However, given that in many cases, animals (including humans) can distinguish a predictive cue from the UCS itself, as indicated by distinct behavioral responses in these two cases, it seems likely from that there are at least two distinct associative mechanisms in the brain, one based ...
... instances.33 However, given that in many cases, animals (including humans) can distinguish a predictive cue from the UCS itself, as indicated by distinct behavioral responses in these two cases, it seems likely from that there are at least two distinct associative mechanisms in the brain, one based ...
The Olfactory–Limbic System and Multiple Chemical
... “Auditory and visual sensory information reach the orbitofrontal cortex after having undergone significant processing. The olfactory system is exclusive in that it has more direct contact to the external environment via olfactory receptor cells, input is relayed directly to the cortex and is not ini ...
... “Auditory and visual sensory information reach the orbitofrontal cortex after having undergone significant processing. The olfactory system is exclusive in that it has more direct contact to the external environment via olfactory receptor cells, input is relayed directly to the cortex and is not ini ...
Kobayashi S, Kawagoe R, Takikawa Y, Koizumi M, Sakagami M
... would be given in a later trial. Activity with a significant interaction effect (P < 0.01) in 2-way ANOVA was further examined by post-hoc multiple comparison (P < 0.05, Scheffé test). If the test indicated a significant result in all the comparisons between immediately rewarded conditions (RWDA–CU ...
... would be given in a later trial. Activity with a significant interaction effect (P < 0.01) in 2-way ANOVA was further examined by post-hoc multiple comparison (P < 0.05, Scheffé test). If the test indicated a significant result in all the comparisons between immediately rewarded conditions (RWDA–CU ...
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... some of the most exciting biophysical and structural studies in all of biology in the past two decades. Much of this work has focused on the Kv channel ␣ subunits, which from a molecular standpoint are more amenable to structure-function analyses than are the larger Nav ␣ and Cav ␣1 subunits (187, 2 ...
... some of the most exciting biophysical and structural studies in all of biology in the past two decades. Much of this work has focused on the Kv channel ␣ subunits, which from a molecular standpoint are more amenable to structure-function analyses than are the larger Nav ␣ and Cav ␣1 subunits (187, 2 ...
doc PHGY311
... hormone release. This control mechanism of negative (or positive) feedback regulation, discussed in detail in Chapter 1, consists of the ability of a hormone to regulate its own cascade of release (Figure 1–11). For example, as discussed in greater detail in Chapter 6, cortisol produced from the adr ...
... hormone release. This control mechanism of negative (or positive) feedback regulation, discussed in detail in Chapter 1, consists of the ability of a hormone to regulate its own cascade of release (Figure 1–11). For example, as discussed in greater detail in Chapter 6, cortisol produced from the adr ...
Shape Selectivity in Primate Frontal Eye Field
... 280 –340 ms within a 1.6° window (full-width), one of the eight shape stimuli was flashed four times in the receptive field of the cell (see Recording procedures for isolation criteria and receptive field mapping). Stimulus duration for each flash was 400 ms with an ISI of 150 ms. The monkey perform ...
... 280 –340 ms within a 1.6° window (full-width), one of the eight shape stimuli was flashed four times in the receptive field of the cell (see Recording procedures for isolation criteria and receptive field mapping). Stimulus duration for each flash was 400 ms with an ISI of 150 ms. The monkey perform ...
Late-onset Parkinsonism in NFjB/c-Rel
... movement disorder, with clinical symptoms that include resting tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia (Fahn, 2003). The aetiology of Parkinson’s disease is not well understood but it is likely that it involves both genetic and environmental factors (Wirdefeldt et al., 2011). The pathological hallmarks of ...
... movement disorder, with clinical symptoms that include resting tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia (Fahn, 2003). The aetiology of Parkinson’s disease is not well understood but it is likely that it involves both genetic and environmental factors (Wirdefeldt et al., 2011). The pathological hallmarks of ...
The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Reflexes
... fibers may follow any of three courses: • Some end in the ganglion that they enter and synapse immediately with a postganglionic neuron. • Some travel up or down the chain and synapse in ganglia at other levels. It is these fibers that link the paravertebral ganglia into a chain. They are the only r ...
... fibers may follow any of three courses: • Some end in the ganglion that they enter and synapse immediately with a postganglionic neuron. • Some travel up or down the chain and synapse in ganglia at other levels. It is these fibers that link the paravertebral ganglia into a chain. They are the only r ...
The dynamics of visual responses in the primary visual cortex
... orientation selectivity, we used a reverse correlation method developed originally by Dario Ringach. The idea was to measure the time evolution of orientation selectivity extracellularly in single V1 neurons, with a technique that drove most cortical neurons above threshold. The technique is illustr ...
... orientation selectivity, we used a reverse correlation method developed originally by Dario Ringach. The idea was to measure the time evolution of orientation selectivity extracellularly in single V1 neurons, with a technique that drove most cortical neurons above threshold. The technique is illustr ...
Dopamine Receptor–Mediated Mechanisms Involved in the
... pallidus in the process of learning sequential finger movements. Matsumoto et al. (1994) showed that there is a selective impairment of learning arm movement sequences after destruction of the nigrostriatal DA system by local infusion of dopaminergic neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrop ...
... pallidus in the process of learning sequential finger movements. Matsumoto et al. (1994) showed that there is a selective impairment of learning arm movement sequences after destruction of the nigrostriatal DA system by local infusion of dopaminergic neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrop ...
... Although it is well established that apoptotic mechanisms play a central role in neuronal death after different types of CNS damage, little is known about the activation of apoptotic pathways in glial cells which have been postulated to be important for the termination of the glial response. It is r ...
INFUSION OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF) INTO KITTEN
... performed over primary visual cortex. Animals were then paralyzed by intravenous delivery of gallamine triethiodide (10 mg/ kg/h) dissolved in 5% Ringer's solution with dextrose and were switched to arti¢cial respiration. Following an initial bolus of 15 mg/kg, the dura was retracted, and gallamine ...
... performed over primary visual cortex. Animals were then paralyzed by intravenous delivery of gallamine triethiodide (10 mg/ kg/h) dissolved in 5% Ringer's solution with dextrose and were switched to arti¢cial respiration. Following an initial bolus of 15 mg/kg, the dura was retracted, and gallamine ...
Glia-Derived D-Serine Controls NMDA Receptor Activity and
... 1987; Miazaki et al., 1999). Incubation of brain stem slices (see Supplemental Experimental Procedures) with GO significantly increased the AMPA/NMDA ratio measured in NTS neurons (from 2.1 ± 0.2, n = 11, to 3.3 ± 0.3, n = 8; p < 0.05; Figure S3), indicating that ambient glycine modulates NMDARs in ...
... 1987; Miazaki et al., 1999). Incubation of brain stem slices (see Supplemental Experimental Procedures) with GO significantly increased the AMPA/NMDA ratio measured in NTS neurons (from 2.1 ± 0.2, n = 11, to 3.3 ± 0.3, n = 8; p < 0.05; Figure S3), indicating that ambient glycine modulates NMDARs in ...
PDF reprint - UC Davis Mathematics
... The phase-locking properties (or synchronization properties) of this LIF model with either inhibitory or electrical coupling alone follow behavior that has been previously described (van Vreeswijk et al., 1994; Chow and Kopell, 2000). Traditionally, it has been assumed that inhibitory synaptic coupl ...
... The phase-locking properties (or synchronization properties) of this LIF model with either inhibitory or electrical coupling alone follow behavior that has been previously described (van Vreeswijk et al., 1994; Chow and Kopell, 2000). Traditionally, it has been assumed that inhibitory synaptic coupl ...
Identification of key signaling molecules involved - diss.fu
... hypothalamus. Trpm2 expression was detected in the preoptic area by in situ hybridization. Heat responses of warm-sensitive neurons were abolished in the neurons from Trpm2 knockout mice characterized by Ca2+ imaging, indicating that Trpm2 channel is involved in conducting Ca2+ influx during heat st ...
... hypothalamus. Trpm2 expression was detected in the preoptic area by in situ hybridization. Heat responses of warm-sensitive neurons were abolished in the neurons from Trpm2 knockout mice characterized by Ca2+ imaging, indicating that Trpm2 channel is involved in conducting Ca2+ influx during heat st ...
Propofol Inhibits Neuronal Firing Activities in the Caudal
... in the CVLM. These neurons may also display different neuronal firing patterns. Our study also showed that the inhibitory effect of propofol on different neurons in the CVLM was not homogeneous, with some potent inhibitions and some mild inhibitions detected. We also found that some neurons were ins ...
... in the CVLM. These neurons may also display different neuronal firing patterns. Our study also showed that the inhibitory effect of propofol on different neurons in the CVLM was not homogeneous, with some potent inhibitions and some mild inhibitions detected. We also found that some neurons were ins ...
Invulnerability of retinal ganglion cells to NMDA excitotoxicity
... receptors. These receptors are encoded by at least six gene families: a single family for AMPA receptors (GluR1, 2, 3, 4), two for kainate (GluR5, 6, 7 and KA1, 2), and three for NMDA (NR1, NR2A, B, C, D, and NR3A, B) (Dingledine et al., 1999). These subunits combine into multimeric complexes to for ...
... receptors. These receptors are encoded by at least six gene families: a single family for AMPA receptors (GluR1, 2, 3, 4), two for kainate (GluR5, 6, 7 and KA1, 2), and three for NMDA (NR1, NR2A, B, C, D, and NR3A, B) (Dingledine et al., 1999). These subunits combine into multimeric complexes to for ...
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... closet to see if it would keep its leaves in the night position. To his surprise, he found that the plant continued to open and close its leaves in the absence of any light. Although his experiment was far from perfect, it did provide the first known evidence that organisms have a built-in clock tha ...
... closet to see if it would keep its leaves in the night position. To his surprise, he found that the plant continued to open and close its leaves in the absence of any light. Although his experiment was far from perfect, it did provide the first known evidence that organisms have a built-in clock tha ...