Common Mechanisms Underlying Growth Cone Guidance and Axon
... cone bifurcation (Sato et al., 1994). Although most of the branches are transient, more branches become stabilized in the presence of the pontine explant, suggesting that the target-derived activity promotes the initiation as well as stabilization of interstitial collaterals. In living brain slices ...
... cone bifurcation (Sato et al., 1994). Although most of the branches are transient, more branches become stabilized in the presence of the pontine explant, suggesting that the target-derived activity promotes the initiation as well as stabilization of interstitial collaterals. In living brain slices ...
Memory Maintenance in Synapses with Calcium
... due to the lower extracellular calcium concentration in vivo on the time scale of synaptic decay has not been considered heretofore. In the present paper, we study the persistence of synaptic changes, first in a synapse connecting a pair of independent Poisson neurons, and second in a large network ...
... due to the lower extracellular calcium concentration in vivo on the time scale of synaptic decay has not been considered heretofore. In the present paper, we study the persistence of synaptic changes, first in a synapse connecting a pair of independent Poisson neurons, and second in a large network ...
donepezil dose-dependently inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity in
... (E2020) has been introduced for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the human brain. However, there is no morphological evidence as to how this chemical agent affects the acetylcholinesterase-positive structures in the various areas of the human and the rat CNS. This study demonstrate ...
... (E2020) has been introduced for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the human brain. However, there is no morphological evidence as to how this chemical agent affects the acetylcholinesterase-positive structures in the various areas of the human and the rat CNS. This study demonstrate ...
The physiological role of orexin/hypocretin neurons in the regulation
... system, and arousal. For example, orexin neurons are regulated by peripheral metabolic cues, including ghrelin, leptin, and glucose concentration. This suggests that they may provide a link between energy homeostasis and arousal states. A link between the limbic system and orexin neurons might be im ...
... system, and arousal. For example, orexin neurons are regulated by peripheral metabolic cues, including ghrelin, leptin, and glucose concentration. This suggests that they may provide a link between energy homeostasis and arousal states. A link between the limbic system and orexin neurons might be im ...
Neurofilaments and Orthograde Transport Are Reduced in Ventral
... 1988; Johnson et al., 1990; Strong, 1994), NF inclusions typically form in the perikarya and processes of neurons, and these inclusions contain highly phosphorylated NFH and NFM (Tu et al., 1997a,b). The major functions of NFs are to provide mechanical support, especially in large myelinated axons, ...
... 1988; Johnson et al., 1990; Strong, 1994), NF inclusions typically form in the perikarya and processes of neurons, and these inclusions contain highly phosphorylated NFH and NFM (Tu et al., 1997a,b). The major functions of NFs are to provide mechanical support, especially in large myelinated axons, ...
Outputs of Radula Mechanoafferent Neurons in Aplysia are
... The transmission of sensory information from the periphery to the nervous system is modulated both at the level of primary sensory afferents (Brooke et al. 1997; Gu and MacDermott 1997; Hill et al. 1997; Passaglia et al. 1998; Pasztor and Macmillan 1990) and at various stages of processing in the CN ...
... The transmission of sensory information from the periphery to the nervous system is modulated both at the level of primary sensory afferents (Brooke et al. 1997; Gu and MacDermott 1997; Hill et al. 1997; Passaglia et al. 1998; Pasztor and Macmillan 1990) and at various stages of processing in the CN ...
Synaptic Regulation of Action Potential Timing in
... the giant cells, and summation of only two or three such potentials is sufficient to trigger an action potential (Wilson, 1993). Hence, these depolarizing potentials appear to be instrumental not only in the generation of the tonic irregular firing pattern observed in giant cells in vivo (Wilson et ...
... the giant cells, and summation of only two or three such potentials is sufficient to trigger an action potential (Wilson, 1993). Hence, these depolarizing potentials appear to be instrumental not only in the generation of the tonic irregular firing pattern observed in giant cells in vivo (Wilson et ...
The Role of Histamine H1 , H2 and H3 Receptors on Enteric
... The role of histamine H1-, H2- and H3-receptors was studied on neural transmission in ascending excitatory pathways of the guinea pig ileum. A two-compartment (oral and anal compartments) bath was used: ascending neural pathways were activated by electrical stimulation in the anal compartment and th ...
... The role of histamine H1-, H2- and H3-receptors was studied on neural transmission in ascending excitatory pathways of the guinea pig ileum. A two-compartment (oral and anal compartments) bath was used: ascending neural pathways were activated by electrical stimulation in the anal compartment and th ...
The mechanics of notochord elongation
... in early morphogenesis. The results of several studies are consistent with the notion that the notochord is involved in elongating the embryo. For example, experiments of Kitchen (1938, 1949), Horstadius (1944), Nieuwkoop (1946), and Mookerjee (1953) showed that the amphibian embryonic body failed t ...
... in early morphogenesis. The results of several studies are consistent with the notion that the notochord is involved in elongating the embryo. For example, experiments of Kitchen (1938, 1949), Horstadius (1944), Nieuwkoop (1946), and Mookerjee (1953) showed that the amphibian embryonic body failed t ...
Olfactory tract transection in neonatal rats: Evidence for Mitral cell
... postnatal life14-17. Olfactory tract transection (OTT) at this stage causes a wide range of functional and cytoarchitectural changes. However, the tract is capable of undergoing regeneration and thus sparing the behavioural abnormality as shown in male hamsters18,19. The reinnervation of the olfacto ...
... postnatal life14-17. Olfactory tract transection (OTT) at this stage causes a wide range of functional and cytoarchitectural changes. However, the tract is capable of undergoing regeneration and thus sparing the behavioural abnormality as shown in male hamsters18,19. The reinnervation of the olfacto ...
Sleep Neurobiology from a Clinical Perspective
... activity is too low, distractible and anxious if LC activity is too high, but optimally attentive and aroused with intermediate levels of activity. NE tone is clearly linked to cognition as LC neurons in monkeys fire phasically in response to a salient stimulus that signals a reward such as food, bu ...
... activity is too low, distractible and anxious if LC activity is too high, but optimally attentive and aroused with intermediate levels of activity. NE tone is clearly linked to cognition as LC neurons in monkeys fire phasically in response to a salient stimulus that signals a reward such as food, bu ...
as Adobe PDF - Edinburgh Research Explorer
... as projecting to the posterior pituitary but which did not participate in this bursting activity could ...
... as projecting to the posterior pituitary but which did not participate in this bursting activity could ...
Genetic Ablation of Orexin Neurons in Mice Results in Narcolepsy
... may result from undefined environmental factors acting on a susceptible genetic background (Mignot, 1998). Recently, it was demonstrated that orexin-A was undetectable in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the majority of patients with narcolepsy, indicating that abnormal orexin neurotransmission also ...
... may result from undefined environmental factors acting on a susceptible genetic background (Mignot, 1998). Recently, it was demonstrated that orexin-A was undetectable in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the majority of patients with narcolepsy, indicating that abnormal orexin neurotransmission also ...
Corticomuscular Contributions to the Control of Rhythmic Movement
... The inherent simplicity of human locomotion is deceiving in nature and its complexity becomes apparent when we observe children as they learn to walk or patients suffering from neuromuscular disorders. Human movement requires inputs from supraspinal and spinal centers as well as sensory afferent fee ...
... The inherent simplicity of human locomotion is deceiving in nature and its complexity becomes apparent when we observe children as they learn to walk or patients suffering from neuromuscular disorders. Human movement requires inputs from supraspinal and spinal centers as well as sensory afferent fee ...
Traveling Theta Waves along the Entire
... (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approximately a half cycle, i.e., 180 between the septal and ventral (temporal) sites (Figures 3F, 3G, and S4). Theta oscillations were less regular, lower in amplitude, and more intermittent ...
... (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approximately a half cycle, i.e., 180 between the septal and ventral (temporal) sites (Figures 3F, 3G, and S4). Theta oscillations were less regular, lower in amplitude, and more intermittent ...
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials Trigger a Plateau Potential in Rat
... a voltage-dependent manner. Plateau potentials could be induced only when the cell was hyperpolarized to more negative than about ⫺75 mV. Plateau potentials, evoked with a depolarizing current pulse, again only from a hyperpolarized state, were observed in about half of STN neurons tested (n ⫽ 162/3 ...
... a voltage-dependent manner. Plateau potentials could be induced only when the cell was hyperpolarized to more negative than about ⫺75 mV. Plateau potentials, evoked with a depolarizing current pulse, again only from a hyperpolarized state, were observed in about half of STN neurons tested (n ⫽ 162/3 ...
Neuronal polarity: establishing and maintaining the axon initial
... as it travels along the axon. This boosted electric signal in the axon is called an action potential. Many voltagegated sodium channels at the AIS are required for this action potential, these channels open in response to a change in membrane potential. When the PSP is high enough, because of a sign ...
... as it travels along the axon. This boosted electric signal in the axon is called an action potential. Many voltagegated sodium channels at the AIS are required for this action potential, these channels open in response to a change in membrane potential. When the PSP is high enough, because of a sign ...
DOES ISCHEMIA CAUSE ACUTE NEURONAL DAMAGE BY CONVERTING THE NA /K
... The gray matter of the higher brain undergoes spreading depolarization in response to ischemia, which increases metabolic demand and so promotes acute neuronal injury. The molecular mechanism linking ischemic failure of the Na+/K+ pump to the subsequent onset of a large inward current in neurons has ...
... The gray matter of the higher brain undergoes spreading depolarization in response to ischemia, which increases metabolic demand and so promotes acute neuronal injury. The molecular mechanism linking ischemic failure of the Na+/K+ pump to the subsequent onset of a large inward current in neurons has ...
Separate Representations of Target and Timing Cue Locations in
... Submitted 23 June 2008; accepted in final form 8 November 2008 ...
... Submitted 23 June 2008; accepted in final form 8 November 2008 ...
Neurobiology of ADHD Gail Tripp , Review
... and Doyle, 2001). Twin studies have shown heritability estimates of approximately 0.8 (Kieling et al., 2008), varying between 0.6 and 0.9 (Biederman et al., 1990). It is widely acknowledged that genetic factors in ADHD are likely to involve multiple genes of moderate effect. To date no single gene h ...
... and Doyle, 2001). Twin studies have shown heritability estimates of approximately 0.8 (Kieling et al., 2008), varying between 0.6 and 0.9 (Biederman et al., 1990). It is widely acknowledged that genetic factors in ADHD are likely to involve multiple genes of moderate effect. To date no single gene h ...
08. pons + midbrain
... Caudal midbrain at level of Inferior colliculus 5-Medial longitudinal fasciculus : is a well defined bundle of association fibres lies on each side of median plane in midbrain tegmentum. -It extends throughout the brain stem, and descends into spinal cord. -It lies close to oculomotor, trochlear & ...
... Caudal midbrain at level of Inferior colliculus 5-Medial longitudinal fasciculus : is a well defined bundle of association fibres lies on each side of median plane in midbrain tegmentum. -It extends throughout the brain stem, and descends into spinal cord. -It lies close to oculomotor, trochlear & ...
Cortical areas are linked through pathways which originate and
... when structurally distinct cortices, in general, are connected? The present study addresses these questions by focusing on connections between prefrontal cortices in the rhesus monkey. The prefrontal region is composed of structurally heterogeneous areas, ranging from agranular type areas, which hav ...
... when structurally distinct cortices, in general, are connected? The present study addresses these questions by focusing on connections between prefrontal cortices in the rhesus monkey. The prefrontal region is composed of structurally heterogeneous areas, ranging from agranular type areas, which hav ...
Learned Helplessness at Fifty: Insights From Neuroscience
... in the hammock to press a panel with their noses to turn off each shock. The second group is yoked to the ESC group. In this initial experiment, on each trial the yoked group subjects received the average duration of shock that the ESC group produced on each trial. However, in most subsequent experi ...
... in the hammock to press a panel with their noses to turn off each shock. The second group is yoked to the ESC group. In this initial experiment, on each trial the yoked group subjects received the average duration of shock that the ESC group produced on each trial. However, in most subsequent experi ...