Ear manipulations help model neuroplasticity limitations
... 2) Can inner ear afferents find their targets in the hindbrain if they enter through a different cranial nerve or enter into a foreign territory? 3) What mechanisms do inner ear afferents use to find their targets in the hindbrain? 4) How will alteration of afferent input, either by ear removal or a ...
... 2) Can inner ear afferents find their targets in the hindbrain if they enter through a different cranial nerve or enter into a foreign territory? 3) What mechanisms do inner ear afferents use to find their targets in the hindbrain? 4) How will alteration of afferent input, either by ear removal or a ...
Feeding Stimulants Activate an Identified Dopaminergic Interneuron
... Multiple patterns of motor neuron activity responsible for the expression of distinct rhythmic oral behaviors are produced by the buccal CPG in Helisoma (Arnett 1996; Quinlan and Murphy 1996). The CPG is composed of three interactive interneuronal subunits, named S1, S2, and S3, that ...
... Multiple patterns of motor neuron activity responsible for the expression of distinct rhythmic oral behaviors are produced by the buccal CPG in Helisoma (Arnett 1996; Quinlan and Murphy 1996). The CPG is composed of three interactive interneuronal subunits, named S1, S2, and S3, that ...
Genetic and Functional Modularity of Hox Activities in the
... Hoxa62/2Hoxc62/2 mutants displayed significant LMC losses (Figure 2A–2D, 2I–2J; Figure S3A). To quantify the reduction of LMC neurons in Hoxc62/2 and Hoxa62/2Hoxc62/2 embryos, we performed serial sectioning on e12.5 embryos and determined the total number of FoxP1+ LMC neurons averaged from n.3 muta ...
... Hoxa62/2Hoxc62/2 mutants displayed significant LMC losses (Figure 2A–2D, 2I–2J; Figure S3A). To quantify the reduction of LMC neurons in Hoxc62/2 and Hoxa62/2Hoxc62/2 embryos, we performed serial sectioning on e12.5 embryos and determined the total number of FoxP1+ LMC neurons averaged from n.3 muta ...
The Role of the Terminal Nerve and GnRH in Olfactory System
... olfactory nerve or ventral olfactory bulb, with fibers that extend rostrally to the olfactory epithelium and caudally to the preoptic area, although collaterals can branch widely throughout the brain (Oka, 1997). The terminals of the rostral processes have proven difficult to locate precisely, but t ...
... olfactory nerve or ventral olfactory bulb, with fibers that extend rostrally to the olfactory epithelium and caudally to the preoptic area, although collaterals can branch widely throughout the brain (Oka, 1997). The terminals of the rostral processes have proven difficult to locate precisely, but t ...
Pallidal Discharge Related to the Kinematics of Reaching
... same targets via indirect pathways. Thus possible differences in the movement-related discharge of GPe and GPi neurons are of interest for models of basal ganglia function. Because movement-related increases and decreases in the discharge of neurons in either GPe or GPi are predicted to have opposin ...
... same targets via indirect pathways. Thus possible differences in the movement-related discharge of GPe and GPi neurons are of interest for models of basal ganglia function. Because movement-related increases and decreases in the discharge of neurons in either GPe or GPi are predicted to have opposin ...
Seventeen
... becomes unnoticed. A physiological mechanism that allows the receptors to recover is a cyclic alternation of mucosal blood flow in the left and right sides of the nose. At any instant, the side with the higher flow of blood presents greater resistance to the flow of air because of swelling of the mu ...
... becomes unnoticed. A physiological mechanism that allows the receptors to recover is a cyclic alternation of mucosal blood flow in the left and right sides of the nose. At any instant, the side with the higher flow of blood presents greater resistance to the flow of air because of swelling of the mu ...
Neurotransmitter Release
... act as wiring transmitters via ionotropic receptors, and also act as “volume transmitters” via G-protein-coupled receptors. Moreover, neuromodulators in turn feed back onto classical synaptic transmission. Quantitatively, synaptic transmission is the dominant form of communication between neurons. A ...
... act as wiring transmitters via ionotropic receptors, and also act as “volume transmitters” via G-protein-coupled receptors. Moreover, neuromodulators in turn feed back onto classical synaptic transmission. Quantitatively, synaptic transmission is the dominant form of communication between neurons. A ...
A new scenario for the evolutionary origin of hair, feather, and avian
... formation of a dense dermis. Two main types of dermis are present in birds and mammals at the onset of skin morphogenesis: a superficial dense dermis (overlying a deep sparse dermis) characteristic of future feather or hair fields, versus a superficial loose dermis, in future bare skin regions. The ...
... formation of a dense dermis. Two main types of dermis are present in birds and mammals at the onset of skin morphogenesis: a superficial dense dermis (overlying a deep sparse dermis) characteristic of future feather or hair fields, versus a superficial loose dermis, in future bare skin regions. The ...
Autonomic nervous system
... other organ systems Disorders are numerous and often difficult to diagnose and treat © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwar ...
... other organ systems Disorders are numerous and often difficult to diagnose and treat © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwar ...
Toward Nanometer-Scale Sensing System
... comprises its response profile. The Firestein study also provided additional support for the one neuron-one receptor-type hypothesis. It was found that forcing an increase in the number of receptor neurons expressing a particular gene led to an increase in sensitivity to odorants within the receptor ...
... comprises its response profile. The Firestein study also provided additional support for the one neuron-one receptor-type hypothesis. It was found that forcing an increase in the number of receptor neurons expressing a particular gene led to an increase in sensitivity to odorants within the receptor ...
Intracellular Features Predicted by Extracellular
... obtained from area CA1 of the dorsal hippocampus of anesthetized rats. In cases where the electrode placements were accurate, simultaneous spikes were observed in the extracellular and intracellular recordings as the intracellular electrode was advanced through the tissue and attempts were made to o ...
... obtained from area CA1 of the dorsal hippocampus of anesthetized rats. In cases where the electrode placements were accurate, simultaneous spikes were observed in the extracellular and intracellular recordings as the intracellular electrode was advanced through the tissue and attempts were made to o ...
Highwire Regulates Guidance of Sister Axons in the
... body (MB) participates in olfactory-associative learning and is a powerful model system to investigate such axonal behaviors (Heisenberg, 1998; Davis, 2005; Fahrbach, 2006). The MB is composed of three neuronal subtypes—␥, ␣⬘/⬘, and ␣/ neurons—that can be distinguished by their birth order and the ...
... body (MB) participates in olfactory-associative learning and is a powerful model system to investigate such axonal behaviors (Heisenberg, 1998; Davis, 2005; Fahrbach, 2006). The MB is composed of three neuronal subtypes—␥, ␣⬘/⬘, and ␣/ neurons—that can be distinguished by their birth order and the ...
PDF
... still thinner and is now about one or two cell-layers thick. Moreover, this epithelium is folded, so that the ventral wall of the evagination is very different from the dorsal one (Plate 2, fig. ƒ). Obviously a decrease in the number of cells of the wall has taken place during development. The dorsa ...
... still thinner and is now about one or two cell-layers thick. Moreover, this epithelium is folded, so that the ventral wall of the evagination is very different from the dorsal one (Plate 2, fig. ƒ). Obviously a decrease in the number of cells of the wall has taken place during development. The dorsa ...
Selective attention through selective neuronal synchronization
... triplets of neuronal groups from within and between areas in awake cat and monkey visual cortex (Womelsdorf et al., 2007). This study measured the trial-by-trial changes in correlated amplitude fluctuation and changes in precise synchronization between pair AB and pair AC, using the spontaneous vari ...
... triplets of neuronal groups from within and between areas in awake cat and monkey visual cortex (Womelsdorf et al., 2007). This study measured the trial-by-trial changes in correlated amplitude fluctuation and changes in precise synchronization between pair AB and pair AC, using the spontaneous vari ...
hippocampo–cerebellar theta band phase synchrony in rabbits
... Previous research begs the questions, how do the hippocampus and the cerebellum interact, and what is the special role of the theta oscillation? In order for the hippocampus to modulate memory trace formation in the cerebellum we have to assume interaction between these areas. One indication of inte ...
... Previous research begs the questions, how do the hippocampus and the cerebellum interact, and what is the special role of the theta oscillation? In order for the hippocampus to modulate memory trace formation in the cerebellum we have to assume interaction between these areas. One indication of inte ...
Serotonin in Affective Control
... rhythmic motor activity, feeding, and more, in organisms from invertebrates to humans, and yet it has never quite been convincingly convicted of any single compelling influence. There are at least 17 different types and isoforms of serotonin receptor, mediating its wide range of diverse effects. The ...
... rhythmic motor activity, feeding, and more, in organisms from invertebrates to humans, and yet it has never quite been convincingly convicted of any single compelling influence. There are at least 17 different types and isoforms of serotonin receptor, mediating its wide range of diverse effects. The ...
Representation of Events in Nerve Nets and Finite Automata
... actions are a response to certain stimuli means, in the simplest case, that the actions are performed when those stimuli occur and not when they do not occur. Since both the stimuli and the actions may be very complicated, the relationship between the two is very complicated. In order to simplify ou ...
... actions are a response to certain stimuli means, in the simplest case, that the actions are performed when those stimuli occur and not when they do not occur. Since both the stimuli and the actions may be very complicated, the relationship between the two is very complicated. In order to simplify ou ...
the effects of microstimulation and microlesions in the ventral and
... of the dorsal (DRG) and ventral (VRG) respiratory groups of neurons in the brainstem were studied in anesthetized, paralyzed, artificially ventilated cats. Microstimulation (2 to 120 Hz; 5 to 50 PA; 100 pet pulse duration) at almost every point within the DRG or VRG produced a bilateral short latenc ...
... of the dorsal (DRG) and ventral (VRG) respiratory groups of neurons in the brainstem were studied in anesthetized, paralyzed, artificially ventilated cats. Microstimulation (2 to 120 Hz; 5 to 50 PA; 100 pet pulse duration) at almost every point within the DRG or VRG produced a bilateral short latenc ...
Neural correlates of stimulus–response and response–outcome
... same block were averaged together. In this way, free- and forcedchoice trials were matched for direction, outcome and position in block. To represent population activity, we first binned the firing rate of each neuron, from the beginning of each trial to the end of each trial. Then we subtracted the ...
... same block were averaged together. In this way, free- and forcedchoice trials were matched for direction, outcome and position in block. To represent population activity, we first binned the firing rate of each neuron, from the beginning of each trial to the end of each trial. Then we subtracted the ...
Cerebellar control of visceral responses–possible mechanisms
... Hence, when the cerebellar influence on autonomic function is studied, it is of utmost importance to have full control of and insight into the level of activity in both, the various efferent autonomical pathways and the subordinated effector systems. Otherwise the results are likely to be very confu ...
... Hence, when the cerebellar influence on autonomic function is studied, it is of utmost importance to have full control of and insight into the level of activity in both, the various efferent autonomical pathways and the subordinated effector systems. Otherwise the results are likely to be very confu ...
Measuring Cortical Thickness - McConnell Brain Imaging Centre
... matter, cortico-spinal fluid, and background). 2. Separation of the gyri that have been fused through the partial volume effect. 3. Construction of the actual surfaces into some polygon model. Tissue segmentation is a fairly commen technique in MR image processing that has been discussed in depth el ...
... matter, cortico-spinal fluid, and background). 2. Separation of the gyri that have been fused through the partial volume effect. 3. Construction of the actual surfaces into some polygon model. Tissue segmentation is a fairly commen technique in MR image processing that has been discussed in depth el ...
Muscle tone regulation during REM sleep
... and the REM-off GABAergic neurons in the vlPAG-LPT inhibit each other. This mutual inhibition may explain the sharp transitions into and out of REM sleep. The REM-off neurons in the vlPAG-LPT also inhibit the glutamatergic neurons in the cLDT-SLD that control REM amounts and generate the cardinal si ...
... and the REM-off GABAergic neurons in the vlPAG-LPT inhibit each other. This mutual inhibition may explain the sharp transitions into and out of REM sleep. The REM-off neurons in the vlPAG-LPT also inhibit the glutamatergic neurons in the cLDT-SLD that control REM amounts and generate the cardinal si ...
THE YIN AND YANG OF NEUROTROPHIN ACTION
... Neurotrophins are central to many facets of CNS function, from differentiation and neuronal survival to synaptogenesis and activity-dependent forms of synaptic plasticity1,2. In the mammalian brain, four neurotrophins have been identified: nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor ...
... Neurotrophins are central to many facets of CNS function, from differentiation and neuronal survival to synaptogenesis and activity-dependent forms of synaptic plasticity1,2. In the mammalian brain, four neurotrophins have been identified: nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor ...
Paper
... the Cebus monkey claustrum have not been previously described in detail. The appearance of the claustrum in frontal sections is generally consistent with that of other commonly used laboratory primate species, including the macaque (Pearson et al., 1982; Kowianski et al., 1999), vervet monkey (Kowia ...
... the Cebus monkey claustrum have not been previously described in detail. The appearance of the claustrum in frontal sections is generally consistent with that of other commonly used laboratory primate species, including the macaque (Pearson et al., 1982; Kowianski et al., 1999), vervet monkey (Kowia ...