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... Numerous clinical and experimental data indicate that alterations provoked by chronic misuse of toluene are dose-dependent. The dose used in our experiments is 2 000 ppm. This dose of toluene is considered as dangerous for health and life (Occupational Safety and Health Administration). Clinically, ...
... Numerous clinical and experimental data indicate that alterations provoked by chronic misuse of toluene are dose-dependent. The dose used in our experiments is 2 000 ppm. This dose of toluene is considered as dangerous for health and life (Occupational Safety and Health Administration). Clinically, ...
ABSTRACT The Auditory Brainstem Response: History and Future
... Introduction and Overview of the Auditory Brainstem Response The brain is a complex and intricately formed part of the human body. It enables people to perform a multitude of diverse actions daily. The brain is the command center of the body, analyzing and synthesizing sensory information to make an ...
... Introduction and Overview of the Auditory Brainstem Response The brain is a complex and intricately formed part of the human body. It enables people to perform a multitude of diverse actions daily. The brain is the command center of the body, analyzing and synthesizing sensory information to make an ...
Prefrontal Projections to the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
... projections from temporal auditory, visual, and polymodal association cortices. Population analysis and serial EM reconstruction revealed two distinct classes of corticoreticular terminals synapsing with GABA/parvalbumin-positive dendritic shafts of TRN neurons. Most labeled boutons from prefrontal ...
... projections from temporal auditory, visual, and polymodal association cortices. Population analysis and serial EM reconstruction revealed two distinct classes of corticoreticular terminals synapsing with GABA/parvalbumin-positive dendritic shafts of TRN neurons. Most labeled boutons from prefrontal ...
Divergent Projections from the Anterior Inferotemporal Area TE to
... the TEav-injection cases, and some labeling in TG (the dorsal half of the temporal pole) in both cases. There was also heavy labeling of terminals in the anterior part of the superior temporal sulcus and mutual projections between TEav and TEad, both of which will be described in other papers. There ...
... the TEav-injection cases, and some labeling in TG (the dorsal half of the temporal pole) in both cases. There was also heavy labeling of terminals in the anterior part of the superior temporal sulcus and mutual projections between TEav and TEad, both of which will be described in other papers. There ...
The Auditory System
... hair cells are innervated by the peripheral processes of bipolar ganglion cells in the spiral ganglion. Their central processes form the cochlear division of the vestibulocochlear nerve and terminate in the cochlear nuclei. The principal auditory pathway passes from the cochlea, via the cochlear nuc ...
... hair cells are innervated by the peripheral processes of bipolar ganglion cells in the spiral ganglion. Their central processes form the cochlear division of the vestibulocochlear nerve and terminate in the cochlear nuclei. The principal auditory pathway passes from the cochlea, via the cochlear nuc ...
olfaction
... Some project into the limbic system and hypothalamus (emotional and memory evoked responses). Olfactory sensations are the only sensations that reach the cerebral cortex without first synapsing in the thalamus. The primary olfactory area has axons that extend to the orbit frontal area (frontal ...
... Some project into the limbic system and hypothalamus (emotional and memory evoked responses). Olfactory sensations are the only sensations that reach the cerebral cortex without first synapsing in the thalamus. The primary olfactory area has axons that extend to the orbit frontal area (frontal ...
... and no distinct staining of axonal processes or white matter tracts. Significantly, this JNCL serum immunoreactivity was not confined to the cell soma, but extended along the dendrites of multiple cell types. This immunoreactivity provided particularly distinct staining of interneuron populations in ...
The thalamus as a putative biomarker in neurodegenerative disorders
... connections preceding thalamocortical connections. Hence, maturation of the thalamus and cortex are related intimately, such that an abnormality in the early neurodevelopmental period of thalamic organization could impair normal cortical development, and vice versa; ...
... connections preceding thalamocortical connections. Hence, maturation of the thalamus and cortex are related intimately, such that an abnormality in the early neurodevelopmental period of thalamic organization could impair normal cortical development, and vice versa; ...
Involvement of GABAergic and cholinergic medial septal neurons in
... various phenomena, including attention and acquisition of sensory information. Two types of HPC (types I and II) exist based on pharmacological, behavioral, and electrophysiological characteristics. Both types occur during locomotion, whereas only type II (atropine-sensitive) is present under ureth ...
... various phenomena, including attention and acquisition of sensory information. Two types of HPC (types I and II) exist based on pharmacological, behavioral, and electrophysiological characteristics. Both types occur during locomotion, whereas only type II (atropine-sensitive) is present under ureth ...
Circadian clocks in crustaceans: identified neuronal and cellular systems
... identification of molecules, neuronal and glial cells and their interactions that underlie circadian rhythmicity. A biological clock in insects that is located in ~150 identified neurons has been studied in great detail in the fruit fly Drosophila (57-59). It consists of distinct neuron populations ...
... identification of molecules, neuronal and glial cells and their interactions that underlie circadian rhythmicity. A biological clock in insects that is located in ~150 identified neurons has been studied in great detail in the fruit fly Drosophila (57-59). It consists of distinct neuron populations ...
Potassium Currents Responsible for Inward and Outward
... to determine the time constant of the membrane, the I-V relationship of these cells would have to be linear. As it is not under normal conditions, it is more accurate then to describe such measurements as being of the apparent membrane time constant. The clpparenl membrane time constant was determin ...
... to determine the time constant of the membrane, the I-V relationship of these cells would have to be linear. As it is not under normal conditions, it is more accurate then to describe such measurements as being of the apparent membrane time constant. The clpparenl membrane time constant was determin ...
Effect of PACAP in Central and Peripheral Nerve Injuries
... situated in the corticospinal tract and the medial longitudinal fascicle, and the different pathogenesis of axonal damage in the structures could also be the reason for different effects [66,67]. In a spinal cord injury model laminectomy is performed at T9-T10, and the dorsal surface of the spinal c ...
... situated in the corticospinal tract and the medial longitudinal fascicle, and the different pathogenesis of axonal damage in the structures could also be the reason for different effects [66,67]. In a spinal cord injury model laminectomy is performed at T9-T10, and the dorsal surface of the spinal c ...
The vegetal determinants required for the Spemann organizer move
... activity is localized in the vegetal poles at the early 1-cell stage, because the injection of cytoplasm from these vegetal poles into the ventral subequatorial region of recipient embryos results in the formation of a secondary dorsal axis (Fujisue et al., 1993; Holowacz and Elinson, 1993). After t ...
... activity is localized in the vegetal poles at the early 1-cell stage, because the injection of cytoplasm from these vegetal poles into the ventral subequatorial region of recipient embryos results in the formation of a secondary dorsal axis (Fujisue et al., 1993; Holowacz and Elinson, 1993). After t ...
General and cell type specific mechanisms target
... Rosenbaum, 2002; Watnick and Germino, 2003). Understanding the mechanisms by which TRPP1 and TRPP2 are transported to and function in cilia is important from both the basic cell biology and human health perspectives. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a powerful model system with which to unders ...
... Rosenbaum, 2002; Watnick and Germino, 2003). Understanding the mechanisms by which TRPP1 and TRPP2 are transported to and function in cilia is important from both the basic cell biology and human health perspectives. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a powerful model system with which to unders ...
Vagal Ischemia Induced Lung Immune Component Infarct Following
... irreversible axonal injury of the vagal nerve in late stage SAH (4,5). The Hering-Breuer reflex may also be abolished during acutely developed cerebral ischemia that could be restored by recovery of ischemic cerebral processes (7). Bilateral vagal nerve stimulation causes bronchoconstriction (24) th ...
... irreversible axonal injury of the vagal nerve in late stage SAH (4,5). The Hering-Breuer reflex may also be abolished during acutely developed cerebral ischemia that could be restored by recovery of ischemic cerebral processes (7). Bilateral vagal nerve stimulation causes bronchoconstriction (24) th ...
Neural Control - International Continence Society
... Figure 3. Diagram showing neural circuits controlling continence and micturition. (A) Urine storage reflexes. During the storage of urine, distention of the bladder produces low level vesical afferent firing, which in turn stimulates (1) the sympathetic outflow to the bladder outlet (base and urethr ...
... Figure 3. Diagram showing neural circuits controlling continence and micturition. (A) Urine storage reflexes. During the storage of urine, distention of the bladder produces low level vesical afferent firing, which in turn stimulates (1) the sympathetic outflow to the bladder outlet (base and urethr ...
Reuss 9..48
... was studied, is presently unknown. In parentheses, it should be noted that a number of methodical parameters render it difficult to draw final conclusions on certain aspects of SCN morphology. For example, day-night differences in the expression of neuroactive substances may not or only inadequately ...
... was studied, is presently unknown. In parentheses, it should be noted that a number of methodical parameters render it difficult to draw final conclusions on certain aspects of SCN morphology. For example, day-night differences in the expression of neuroactive substances may not or only inadequately ...
Mechanisms of gustatory coding in Spodoptera littoralis
... antennal gustatory sensilla. Two areas are within the deutocerebrum: the antennal motor and mechanosensory centre (AMMC) and a region situated posteriorly to the antennal lobes. The two other areas are in the tritocerebrum/suboesophageal ganglion complex. As our electrophysiological investigations s ...
... antennal gustatory sensilla. Two areas are within the deutocerebrum: the antennal motor and mechanosensory centre (AMMC) and a region situated posteriorly to the antennal lobes. The two other areas are in the tritocerebrum/suboesophageal ganglion complex. As our electrophysiological investigations s ...
Flow of information for emotions through temporal and orbitofrontal pathways REVIEW
... from most of the cerebral cortex and from subcortical structures, but at any one time it processes only what is relevant for the task at hand (reviewed in Dagenbach & Carr, 1994; Posner & DiGirolamo, 1998), whether it is a working memory task, associative learning or sequential aspects of behaviour, ...
... from most of the cerebral cortex and from subcortical structures, but at any one time it processes only what is relevant for the task at hand (reviewed in Dagenbach & Carr, 1994; Posner & DiGirolamo, 1998), whether it is a working memory task, associative learning or sequential aspects of behaviour, ...
as a PDF
... the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) that generate efferent signals increasing renal sodium excretion, and concomitantly decreasing intestinal sodium absorption (230). In some species, such as the rat, increased production and release of angiotensin II (ANG II) into the systemic circulation media ...
... the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) that generate efferent signals increasing renal sodium excretion, and concomitantly decreasing intestinal sodium absorption (230). In some species, such as the rat, increased production and release of angiotensin II (ANG II) into the systemic circulation media ...
CRANIAL NERVES: Functional Anatomy
... to XII to the brain stem (midbrain, pons and medulla). The three enlargements of the neural tube from which the brain develops are as follows: Forebrain, further subdivided into two components: telencephalon (the cerebral hemispheres) and diencephalon (the thalamic structures surrounding the third v ...
... to XII to the brain stem (midbrain, pons and medulla). The three enlargements of the neural tube from which the brain develops are as follows: Forebrain, further subdivided into two components: telencephalon (the cerebral hemispheres) and diencephalon (the thalamic structures surrounding the third v ...
Motor Resonance Meets Motor Performance - Unitn
... premotor areas were present anterior to Brodmann‘s area 4 and that Brodmann‘s area 6 portion of the cortex is not functionally segregated from area 4 but it constitutes a unique complex in which proximal and axial movements are represented. A separate representation of body movements would be found, ...
... premotor areas were present anterior to Brodmann‘s area 4 and that Brodmann‘s area 6 portion of the cortex is not functionally segregated from area 4 but it constitutes a unique complex in which proximal and axial movements are represented. A separate representation of body movements would be found, ...
Learning and memory in zebrafish larvae
... Dishabituation of the rapid escape response in zebrafish larvae (5–7 dpf) has been observed by three laboratories. After habituating the escape response in larvae to auditory pips, Best et al. (2008) produced dishabituation by delivering a brief stimulus of a different sensory modality (a pulse of l ...
... Dishabituation of the rapid escape response in zebrafish larvae (5–7 dpf) has been observed by three laboratories. After habituating the escape response in larvae to auditory pips, Best et al. (2008) produced dishabituation by delivering a brief stimulus of a different sensory modality (a pulse of l ...