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Dopaminergic control of the globus pallidus and its impact
... control exerted by dopamine on basal ganglia (BG), especially the "external part of globus pallidus or GPe". GPe being a nucleus, which plays a key role in the control of movement by exerting an inhibitory influence on the output structures of the BG circuitry. The action of dopamine is mediated by ...
... control exerted by dopamine on basal ganglia (BG), especially the "external part of globus pallidus or GPe". GPe being a nucleus, which plays a key role in the control of movement by exerting an inhibitory influence on the output structures of the BG circuitry. The action of dopamine is mediated by ...
Chapter 9 Nervous System
... C. Resting Potential 1. Due to active transport, the cell maintains a greater concentration of sodium ions outside and a greater concentration of potassium ions inside the membrane. 2. The inside of the membrane has excess negative charges, while the outside has more positive charges. 3.This separat ...
... C. Resting Potential 1. Due to active transport, the cell maintains a greater concentration of sodium ions outside and a greater concentration of potassium ions inside the membrane. 2. The inside of the membrane has excess negative charges, while the outside has more positive charges. 3.This separat ...
The amygdala - University of Puget Sound
... provide feedback inhibition to the principal neurons. In addition to terminating on projection neurons, some of the excitatory inputs to the amygdala terminate on local inhibitory interneurons which, in turn, connect with principal neurons, giving rise to feedforward inhibition. These connections al ...
... provide feedback inhibition to the principal neurons. In addition to terminating on projection neurons, some of the excitatory inputs to the amygdala terminate on local inhibitory interneurons which, in turn, connect with principal neurons, giving rise to feedforward inhibition. These connections al ...
LFP Power Spectra in V1 Cortex: The Graded Effect of Stimulus
... synaptic activity. The local field potential (LFP) provides an easily obtainable measure of the activity in a local population—an ensemble— of neurons (Pesaran et al. 2002), which can be compared with spike activity measured simultaneously at the same site. The LFP is defined as the low-frequency (b ...
... synaptic activity. The local field potential (LFP) provides an easily obtainable measure of the activity in a local population—an ensemble— of neurons (Pesaran et al. 2002), which can be compared with spike activity measured simultaneously at the same site. The LFP is defined as the low-frequency (b ...
Neuronal LRP1 Knockout in Adult Mice Leads to Impaired Brain
... decreased brain levels of cholesterol, sulfatide, galactosylceramide, and triglyceride. These lipid deficits correlate with progressive, age-dependent dendritic spine degeneration, synapse loss, neuroinflammation, memory loss, and eventual neurodegeneration. We further show that the levels of glutam ...
... decreased brain levels of cholesterol, sulfatide, galactosylceramide, and triglyceride. These lipid deficits correlate with progressive, age-dependent dendritic spine degeneration, synapse loss, neuroinflammation, memory loss, and eventual neurodegeneration. We further show that the levels of glutam ...
labial-Wke Hox 1.6,
... which includes the Bithorax (Lewis, 1978; SanchezHerrero et al. 1985) and Antennapedia (Kaufman et al. 1980) gene complexes of Drosophila, is known to be homologous to the mammalian clusters from sequence comparison and the organisation of the genes along the chromosome. At one end of the insect HOM ...
... which includes the Bithorax (Lewis, 1978; SanchezHerrero et al. 1985) and Antennapedia (Kaufman et al. 1980) gene complexes of Drosophila, is known to be homologous to the mammalian clusters from sequence comparison and the organisation of the genes along the chromosome. At one end of the insect HOM ...
The cortical column: a structure without a function
... migrate successively along a scaffold provided by radial glia into the cortical plate, passing earlier arrivals to generate the layers in an inside-out fashion (Angevine & Sidman 1961). This process produces vertical stacks of cells, divided by glial septa, which extend from the white matter to the ...
... migrate successively along a scaffold provided by radial glia into the cortical plate, passing earlier arrivals to generate the layers in an inside-out fashion (Angevine & Sidman 1961). This process produces vertical stacks of cells, divided by glial septa, which extend from the white matter to the ...
The central nervous system.
... As in all vertebrates, the only primary sensory receptor cells in teleosts are located in the olfactory mucosa, i.e., the axons of these cells represent the primary olfactory projections (fila olfactoria, olfactory nerve) and reach the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulbs.172 The number of glomer ...
... As in all vertebrates, the only primary sensory receptor cells in teleosts are located in the olfactory mucosa, i.e., the axons of these cells represent the primary olfactory projections (fila olfactoria, olfactory nerve) and reach the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulbs.172 The number of glomer ...
“left or right” Decision-making beyond
... unlike nonhuman primates, may have evolved a more abstract decisionmaking circuitry, allowing for higher flexibility between decision and action (Heekeren et al., 2008). Nevertheless, decision-related neural activity recorded in monkeys has been remarkably consistent with neuroimaging studies in hum ...
... unlike nonhuman primates, may have evolved a more abstract decisionmaking circuitry, allowing for higher flexibility between decision and action (Heekeren et al., 2008). Nevertheless, decision-related neural activity recorded in monkeys has been remarkably consistent with neuroimaging studies in hum ...
The Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN) in Parkinson`s Disease
... nuclei (particularly massive to SNc and STN). PPN receives massive GABAergic inputs from basal ganglia output nuclei (GPi, SNr) and from STN. Cholinergic neurons in PPN undergo massive degeneration in Parkinson’s disease. Bilateral lesion of cholinergic cells in PPN induces gait problems in monkeys. ...
... nuclei (particularly massive to SNc and STN). PPN receives massive GABAergic inputs from basal ganglia output nuclei (GPi, SNr) and from STN. Cholinergic neurons in PPN undergo massive degeneration in Parkinson’s disease. Bilateral lesion of cholinergic cells in PPN induces gait problems in monkeys. ...
191 Advances in Anatomy Embryology and Cell Biology
... the S phase of the cell cycle, and are carried into the daughter cells. However, strictly speaking H3 -thymidine and BrdU indicate DNA synthesis, but do not clearly prove that cell division has occurred (Nowakowski and Hayes 2001). This distinction is important as there are several instances when Br ...
... the S phase of the cell cycle, and are carried into the daughter cells. However, strictly speaking H3 -thymidine and BrdU indicate DNA synthesis, but do not clearly prove that cell division has occurred (Nowakowski and Hayes 2001). This distinction is important as there are several instances when Br ...
Filamentous contacts: the ultrastructure and three
... &p.1:Abstract. Filamentous contacts are non-synaptic interneuronal junctions characteristic of thalamic relay nuclei. Symmetrical filamentous contacts occur between two dendrites, two somata or a dendrite and a soma; asymmetrical filamentous contacts occur between axon terminals and dendrites, or oc ...
... &p.1:Abstract. Filamentous contacts are non-synaptic interneuronal junctions characteristic of thalamic relay nuclei. Symmetrical filamentous contacts occur between two dendrites, two somata or a dendrite and a soma; asymmetrical filamentous contacts occur between axon terminals and dendrites, or oc ...
Orexins and fear: implications for the treatment of - e
... classical regions of the fear neural circuit [11,12]. However, other brain areas such as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis [13], the locus coeruleus [14], the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus [15] and the periaqueductal gray matter [16], among others, have also been implicated in the mo ...
... classical regions of the fear neural circuit [11,12]. However, other brain areas such as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis [13], the locus coeruleus [14], the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus [15] and the periaqueductal gray matter [16], among others, have also been implicated in the mo ...
Arc mRNA induction in striatal efferent neurons associated with response learning
... neurons (Gerfen & Young, 1988; Gerfen et al., 1990; Le Moine & Bloch, 1995). The other half do not express PPE (PPE –), and thus can be phenotypically identified as striatonigral neurons (Gerfen & Young, 1988; Le Moine & Bloch, 1995). Models of basal ganglia function suggest that activation of striat ...
... neurons (Gerfen & Young, 1988; Gerfen et al., 1990; Le Moine & Bloch, 1995). The other half do not express PPE (PPE –), and thus can be phenotypically identified as striatonigral neurons (Gerfen & Young, 1988; Le Moine & Bloch, 1995). Models of basal ganglia function suggest that activation of striat ...
L8-Physiology of Sleep and EEG 2013
... REM sleep. The LDT/PPT is the main source of ACh to the thalamus, and ACh depolarizes thalamic neurons to promote the transmission of information through the thalamus, driving the cortical activation that is probably required for the complex dreams of REM sleep. The LDT/PPT neurons may also activate ...
... REM sleep. The LDT/PPT is the main source of ACh to the thalamus, and ACh depolarizes thalamic neurons to promote the transmission of information through the thalamus, driving the cortical activation that is probably required for the complex dreams of REM sleep. The LDT/PPT neurons may also activate ...
Review Article Type 3 adenylyl cyclase: a key enzyme mediating the
... Abstract: Cilia are rigid, centriole-derived, microtubule-based organelles present in a majority of vertebrate cells including neurons. They are considered the cellular “antennae” attuned for detecting a range of extracellular signals including photons, odorants, morphogens, hormones and mechanical ...
... Abstract: Cilia are rigid, centriole-derived, microtubule-based organelles present in a majority of vertebrate cells including neurons. They are considered the cellular “antennae” attuned for detecting a range of extracellular signals including photons, odorants, morphogens, hormones and mechanical ...
Print
... to isolate a lipid cannabinoid-like component, which they characterized by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as the ethanolamide of arachidonic acid. They named this novel compound “anandamide” after the sanskrit “ananda,” inner bliss. The chemical synthesis of anandamide ...
... to isolate a lipid cannabinoid-like component, which they characterized by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as the ethanolamide of arachidonic acid. They named this novel compound “anandamide” after the sanskrit “ananda,” inner bliss. The chemical synthesis of anandamide ...
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
... neurons in the macaque orbitofrontal cortex that were activated by odors. A ventral frontal region has been implicated in olfactory processing in humans (Jones-Gotman and Zatorre, 1988; Zatorre and Jones-Gotman, 1991; Zatorre et al., 1992). Rolls and colleagues have analyzed the rules by which orbit ...
... neurons in the macaque orbitofrontal cortex that were activated by odors. A ventral frontal region has been implicated in olfactory processing in humans (Jones-Gotman and Zatorre, 1988; Zatorre and Jones-Gotman, 1991; Zatorre et al., 1992). Rolls and colleagues have analyzed the rules by which orbit ...
REGENERATION OF AN IDENTIFIED CENTRAL NEURON IN THE
... cord stump at the site of lesion and stopped elongating after 1 month. At this time, supernumerary sprouts first began to emerge from the normally smooth, rounded contours of the cell body. Based on these observations, we propose that axotomized neurons produce membrane at a constant rate. This newl ...
... cord stump at the site of lesion and stopped elongating after 1 month. At this time, supernumerary sprouts first began to emerge from the normally smooth, rounded contours of the cell body. Based on these observations, we propose that axotomized neurons produce membrane at a constant rate. This newl ...
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in normal and diseased brain
... CNS and thus act directly on brain parenchyma by crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), either by active transport mechanisms or passive diffusion in the circumventricular organs, including areas of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and pineal gland (Sternberg, 1997). Although much of this action occurs ...
... CNS and thus act directly on brain parenchyma by crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), either by active transport mechanisms or passive diffusion in the circumventricular organs, including areas of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and pineal gland (Sternberg, 1997). Although much of this action occurs ...
Hans Spemann (1869-1941) - The Embryo Project Encyclopedia
... development of tissues or a structure is affected by closely situated tissues was first clearly demonstrated by Spemann in 1901 in the development of frog [32] embryo eyes. When embryonic eyes begin to develop, they start as optic vesicles in the mesoderm [33] and bulge outward on each side of the e ...
... development of tissues or a structure is affected by closely situated tissues was first clearly demonstrated by Spemann in 1901 in the development of frog [32] embryo eyes. When embryonic eyes begin to develop, they start as optic vesicles in the mesoderm [33] and bulge outward on each side of the e ...
Neurophysiology of synesthesia. - Hal-CEA
... temporal cortex and parieto-occipital junction – but not early visual areas V1, V2, or V4 – were activated during word listening more than during tone listening in synesthetic subjects, but not in controls. In a follow-up Nunn et al. [10] tested six female, right handed auditory word → color synesth ...
... temporal cortex and parieto-occipital junction – but not early visual areas V1, V2, or V4 – were activated during word listening more than during tone listening in synesthetic subjects, but not in controls. In a follow-up Nunn et al. [10] tested six female, right handed auditory word → color synesth ...
NEURAL ACTIVITY RELATED TO ANTICIPATED REWARD:
... Out of all long-delay trials, 2.6% were terminated by a fixation break during this period (5.6% and 0.03% in monkeys P and F respectively). Out of all short-delay trials, 0.03% were terminated by a fixation break during this period (0.06% and 0.00% in monkeys P and F respectively). The difference in ...
... Out of all long-delay trials, 2.6% were terminated by a fixation break during this period (5.6% and 0.03% in monkeys P and F respectively). Out of all short-delay trials, 0.03% were terminated by a fixation break during this period (0.06% and 0.00% in monkeys P and F respectively). The difference in ...
Self-Organizing Visual Cortex Model using Homeostatic Plasticity
... homeostatic plasticity rules. It is expected that with addition of homeostatic plasticity, the original functionality of LISSOM such as ability to self-organize and form orientation selectivity will still be working well. Several aspect of stability will be evaluated such as sensitivity of threshold ...
... homeostatic plasticity rules. It is expected that with addition of homeostatic plasticity, the original functionality of LISSOM such as ability to self-organize and form orientation selectivity will still be working well. Several aspect of stability will be evaluated such as sensitivity of threshold ...