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Philosophy and Biodiversity - Assets
... success of our kind by reducing uncertainties of living. Although the primary motive for categorization might have been practical, it has also served many other purposes, as people distinguish holy or sacred types from profane and beautiful types from ugly, and so on. These categories comprise the c ...
... success of our kind by reducing uncertainties of living. Although the primary motive for categorization might have been practical, it has also served many other purposes, as people distinguish holy or sacred types from profane and beautiful types from ugly, and so on. These categories comprise the c ...
A hierarchical framework to investigate epiphyte assemblages
... with randomized expectations generated by null models, and are then referred to as ‘‘neutral’’ (cf. Hubbell 2001). Interactions between epiphytes and their host trees can accurately be viewed as networks, and network analyses can be used to determine coarse-scale patterns in the structure of epiphyt ...
... with randomized expectations generated by null models, and are then referred to as ‘‘neutral’’ (cf. Hubbell 2001). Interactions between epiphytes and their host trees can accurately be viewed as networks, and network analyses can be used to determine coarse-scale patterns in the structure of epiphyt ...
Hidden responses to environmental variation: maternal
... number, whereas maternal effects manifest through changes to seed quality, such as seed size. These differences in seed size often confer advantages in early growth, survival and competitive ability among species (Leishman 2001; Moles & Westoby 2002, 2004), and have been shown to change the fitness ...
... number, whereas maternal effects manifest through changes to seed quality, such as seed size. These differences in seed size often confer advantages in early growth, survival and competitive ability among species (Leishman 2001; Moles & Westoby 2002, 2004), and have been shown to change the fitness ...
Competitive avoidance not edaphic specialization drives vertical
... Along with changing abiotic resources and conditions, there are important differences in biotic factors with soil depth that may also play a role in driving the differential vertical distribution of EM fungi. It is widely recognized that the plant root density declines with increasing depth (Jackson ...
... Along with changing abiotic resources and conditions, there are important differences in biotic factors with soil depth that may also play a role in driving the differential vertical distribution of EM fungi. It is widely recognized that the plant root density declines with increasing depth (Jackson ...
Species diversity and dominance-richness relationships for ground
... species. However, this pattern has not been tested in other arid regions. In this study, we provide a description of ant diversity at baits in three different Namibian habitats (savannah, saltpan, and desert), and we test the relationship between ant dominance and richness for ground-foraging and ar ...
... species. However, this pattern has not been tested in other arid regions. In this study, we provide a description of ant diversity at baits in three different Namibian habitats (savannah, saltpan, and desert), and we test the relationship between ant dominance and richness for ground-foraging and ar ...
HOMOGENIZATION OF FRESHWATER FAUNAS Frank J. Rahel
... Benson & Boydstun 1999, Fuller et al. 1999). Ecologists often describe the species assemblage of a local area as the result of filters that reduce the regional species pool to a subset of species that have had the opportunity to colonize the habitat, are physiologically adapted to the abiotic condit ...
... Benson & Boydstun 1999, Fuller et al. 1999). Ecologists often describe the species assemblage of a local area as the result of filters that reduce the regional species pool to a subset of species that have had the opportunity to colonize the habitat, are physiologically adapted to the abiotic condit ...
Mimicry as a novel pathway linking biodiversity
... S4a,b). The number of unique (not repeated) syllables per strophe was used as a measure of overall song complexity (or repertoire size). This parameter was established by inspecting the whole song database with the following procedure: a collection of individual strophe spectrograms was compiled, an ...
... S4a,b). The number of unique (not repeated) syllables per strophe was used as a measure of overall song complexity (or repertoire size). This parameter was established by inspecting the whole song database with the following procedure: a collection of individual strophe spectrograms was compiled, an ...
State of the Art Report - 4rd. draft
... Most of these pollutants accumulate in close proximity to the infrastructure but, in some cases, direct effects on vegetation and fauna can be observed at distances over several hundreds of metres away (e.g. Evers, 1976; Santelmann and Gorham, 1988; Bergkvist et al., 1989; Hamilton and Harrison, 199 ...
... Most of these pollutants accumulate in close proximity to the infrastructure but, in some cases, direct effects on vegetation and fauna can be observed at distances over several hundreds of metres away (e.g. Evers, 1976; Santelmann and Gorham, 1988; Bergkvist et al., 1989; Hamilton and Harrison, 199 ...
46. Pulu Keeling National Park
... The Ramsar Rolling Review uses the IUCN threat classification (reference) to standardise terminology across sites. All threat categories identified at the Pulu Keeling National Park Ramsar site are listed in Table 2. The critical components, processes and services (CPS) specified in the ECD are repr ...
... The Ramsar Rolling Review uses the IUCN threat classification (reference) to standardise terminology across sites. All threat categories identified at the Pulu Keeling National Park Ramsar site are listed in Table 2. The critical components, processes and services (CPS) specified in the ECD are repr ...
Reading 15 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Maintaining
... benefits can be viewed as the market values of biodiversity because they are readily tied to our economy and often can be assigned a dollar value in the marketplace. Second, biodiversity has nonmarket values that can be expressed in terms such as knowledge, aesthetic, existence and other values. The ...
... benefits can be viewed as the market values of biodiversity because they are readily tied to our economy and often can be assigned a dollar value in the marketplace. Second, biodiversity has nonmarket values that can be expressed in terms such as knowledge, aesthetic, existence and other values. The ...
Wolf Interactions with Other Species
... immediate implications for either the wolf or the species in question. Other interactions, such as those with vegetation, may be more subtle and difficult to directly relate to wolves by any measurement. ...
... immediate implications for either the wolf or the species in question. Other interactions, such as those with vegetation, may be more subtle and difficult to directly relate to wolves by any measurement. ...
Exotic Species, Naturalisation, and Biological Nativism
... not Congress, decides what is an integral part of the natural system’. Even though horses were present in North America thousands of years earlier, those horses went extinct naturally, ‘presumably no longer fit for an altering landscape’. Rolston argues that ‘the western ranges in this hemisphere de ...
... not Congress, decides what is an integral part of the natural system’. Even though horses were present in North America thousands of years earlier, those horses went extinct naturally, ‘presumably no longer fit for an altering landscape’. Rolston argues that ‘the western ranges in this hemisphere de ...
Food webs: reconciling the structure and function of biodiversity
... have been proposed in the past, notably that systems with larger amounts of energy entering the food web should be able to support longer food chains and hence more biodiversity [6,21], although there is the potential for interactions with ecosystem size and disturbance [22,23]. The power of integra ...
... have been proposed in the past, notably that systems with larger amounts of energy entering the food web should be able to support longer food chains and hence more biodiversity [6,21], although there is the potential for interactions with ecosystem size and disturbance [22,23]. The power of integra ...
Trophic complementarity drives the biodiversityecosystem
... (2008) to focus on coexistence mechanisms at the intermediate trophic level. Predators only experience density-dependent mortality, in the form of the aP per capita rate. In this article, these assumptions are conserved because they allow focusing on productivity, and as they promote coexistence, to ...
... (2008) to focus on coexistence mechanisms at the intermediate trophic level. Predators only experience density-dependent mortality, in the form of the aP per capita rate. In this article, these assumptions are conserved because they allow focusing on productivity, and as they promote coexistence, to ...
Top-down and bottom-up control of large herbivore populations: a
... may vary spatially and temporally [5, 6]. Moreover, human activities can potentially affect both topdown and bottom-up processes in terrestrial ecosystems. Humans are a keystone species that alters terrestrial ecosystem structure and composition through actions such as setting fires and livestock gr ...
... may vary spatially and temporally [5, 6]. Moreover, human activities can potentially affect both topdown and bottom-up processes in terrestrial ecosystems. Humans are a keystone species that alters terrestrial ecosystem structure and composition through actions such as setting fires and livestock gr ...
Experimental evidence for indirect facilitation among invasive plants
... Direct facilitation among invasive species may occur when, for example, N-fixing invasive shrubs (Hughes & Denslow 2005) or herbs (Carino & Daehler 2002) increase soil nitrogen availability, which then benefits other non-native species. Similarly, intraspecific facilitation can occur when adult invasiv ...
... Direct facilitation among invasive species may occur when, for example, N-fixing invasive shrubs (Hughes & Denslow 2005) or herbs (Carino & Daehler 2002) increase soil nitrogen availability, which then benefits other non-native species. Similarly, intraspecific facilitation can occur when adult invasiv ...
Predictors of species sensitivity to fragmentation
... Population fluctuations and storage effects Theoretical models of population viability generally predict that species unable to maintain stable populations in the face of environmental vagaries (species with high population fluctuations) may be prone to local extinction (e.g., Leigh 1981; Lande and ...
... Population fluctuations and storage effects Theoretical models of population viability generally predict that species unable to maintain stable populations in the face of environmental vagaries (species with high population fluctuations) may be prone to local extinction (e.g., Leigh 1981; Lande and ...
Stoichiometry of actual vs. potential predator–prey interactions
... These general expectations depend in part on speculation about the functional consequences of interspecific differences in consumer nutrient demand evident in compiled databases of insect stoichiometry (Elser et al. 2000; Sterner & Elser 2002; Denno & Fagan 2003). However, the unsystematic nature of ...
... These general expectations depend in part on speculation about the functional consequences of interspecific differences in consumer nutrient demand evident in compiled databases of insect stoichiometry (Elser et al. 2000; Sterner & Elser 2002; Denno & Fagan 2003). However, the unsystematic nature of ...
book of abstracts as PDF
... traits may influence their demography. We studied the demography of two closely related taxa, Saxifraga sponhemica (2n = 48; five populations) and S. rosacea (2n = 64; four populations) to investigate whether they differ in their demography. The finite rate of increase and the probability of quasi-e ...
... traits may influence their demography. We studied the demography of two closely related taxa, Saxifraga sponhemica (2n = 48; five populations) and S. rosacea (2n = 64; four populations) to investigate whether they differ in their demography. The finite rate of increase and the probability of quasi-e ...
Historical land use and environmental determinants
... nonnative plants have invaded nature reserves on every continent, with the exception of Antarctica (Usher et al., 1988), and nonnative species have altered ecosystem processes (Ehrenfeld, 2003) and contributed in various degrees to the decline of rare native species in a variety of ecosystems (Clave ...
... nonnative plants have invaded nature reserves on every continent, with the exception of Antarctica (Usher et al., 1988), and nonnative species have altered ecosystem processes (Ehrenfeld, 2003) and contributed in various degrees to the decline of rare native species in a variety of ecosystems (Clave ...
6.5 Seedling functional morphology Seedling functional types refer
... have not yet been reported. Seedling functional types are correlated with other plant traits such as seed size; e.g. large seed sizes are related to reserve storage seedling types, whereas small seed sizes are related to foliaceous and photosynthetic cotyledons. Because the above-mentioned types hav ...
... have not yet been reported. Seedling functional types are correlated with other plant traits such as seed size; e.g. large seed sizes are related to reserve storage seedling types, whereas small seed sizes are related to foliaceous and photosynthetic cotyledons. Because the above-mentioned types hav ...
ipm for invasive species - the County of Santa Clara
... wildlife or property. A noxious weed is also commonly defined as a plant that grows out of place (e.g., a rose can be a weed in a wheat field) and is "competitive, persistent, and pernicious. ...
... wildlife or property. A noxious weed is also commonly defined as a plant that grows out of place (e.g., a rose can be a weed in a wheat field) and is "competitive, persistent, and pernicious. ...
Estimating the Major Contributors to Environmental
... developments, trade, and institutional arrangements (de Sherbinin et al., 2007). The widely cited IPAT formulation, introduced by Ehrlich and Holdren (1971), is framed through the neo-Malthusian terms. It explains the magnitude of the human-imposed impacts on the environment. However, the IPAT formu ...
... developments, trade, and institutional arrangements (de Sherbinin et al., 2007). The widely cited IPAT formulation, introduced by Ehrlich and Holdren (1971), is framed through the neo-Malthusian terms. It explains the magnitude of the human-imposed impacts on the environment. However, the IPAT formu ...
BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION: DO SPECIES
... book Global Biodiversity Assessment, Hammond suggests a conservative estimate of around 14 million species (Hammond 1995). In fact, this figure represents merely a fraction of all species that have ever existed. Mass extinctions have occurred in the past, brought about by natural catastrophic enviro ...
... book Global Biodiversity Assessment, Hammond suggests a conservative estimate of around 14 million species (Hammond 1995). In fact, this figure represents merely a fraction of all species that have ever existed. Mass extinctions have occurred in the past, brought about by natural catastrophic enviro ...
Assessing the structure and temporal dynamics of seabird
... We collected conventional diet data from 13 sympatric species between 1974 and 2002, and quantified intra- and inter-guild, and annual variation in diet between and within foraging habits. In addition, we tested the reliability of stable isotope analysis (SIA) of seabird feathers collected over a 13 ...
... We collected conventional diet data from 13 sympatric species between 1974 and 2002, and quantified intra- and inter-guild, and annual variation in diet between and within foraging habits. In addition, we tested the reliability of stable isotope analysis (SIA) of seabird feathers collected over a 13 ...
Ecological fitting
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Colorado_potato_beetle.jpg?width=300)
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.