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Transcript
46. Pulu Keeling National Park Information in the Ecological Character Description (ECD) (Hale 2009) and the latest version of the Ramsar Information Sheet (RIS) for the Pulu Keeling National Park Ramsar site were reviewed to identify threats to the ecological character of the site. Terminology from these key Ramsar documents was aligned to be consistent with the approach of the Ramsar Rolling Review (see Table 1 explanation notes). The Ramsar Rolling Review uses the IUCN threat classification (reference) to standardise terminology across sites. All threat categories identified at the Pulu Keeling National Park Ramsar site are listed in Table 2. The critical components, processes and services (CPS) specified in the ECD are reproduced in Table 3. Threats which have the potential to change one or more of the critical CPS within a 10 year timeframe are defined as imminent threats to the ecological character of the site (labelled IMM in Table 3). . Consultation with site managers was undertaken to ensure the correct identification of current and imminent threats (see Table 1). A stressor model is presented to illustrate the major pathways by which imminent threats effect the critical CPS. For clarity, the model does not attempt to show non-imminent threats, weak linkages or feedbacks. Table 1: Notes regarding alignment of terminology and additional information sourced from site managers to aid in the development of the sites threat conceptual model. Notes: The ecosystem services identified in the ECD have been used, with the exception of provisioning and regulating services which were not considered “critical”. An addition service (Supporting service 10 Threatened wetland species) was added to account for threatened frog and fish species identified in the ECD. Threats in the ECD were predominantly in categories that were similar to the IUCN categories. Imminent threats were identified from the description of threats and impacts in the ECD and management plan. The site is remote and reserved for conservation and as such is not subject to many anthropogenic impacts. All threats cited within the draft ECD (and management plan) were considered imminent. Table 2: Major categories and subcategories of current threats for the Ramsar site. 46. Pulu Keeling National Park 5. Biological Resource Use 5.1. Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals 5.4. Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources 8. Invasive & Other Problematic Species & Genes 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species 11. Climate Change & Severe Weather 11.3. Temperature extremes 11.4. Storms & flooding 6. Human Intrusion & Disturbance 6.1. Recreation activities 8.1. Invasive nonnative/alien species 11.3. Temperature extremes 11.4. Storms & flooding 6.1. Recreation activities 5.4. Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources Components (blue), Processes (green), Services (yellow) 5.1. Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Table 3: Matrix of all current threats against critical components, processes, and services showing those considered to be an imminent threat to the ecological character of the Pulu Keeling National Park Ramsar site (components shaded blue, processes green, services yellow). IMM IMM IMM IMM IMM Seagrass Marine Invertebrates Fish IMM Marine Turtles Waterbirds Cultural service: Recreation IMM IMM IMM IMM IMM IMM IMM 5.1. Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals 5.4. Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources 6.1. Recreation activities 8.1. Invasive nonnative/alien species 11.3. Temperature extremes 11.4. Storms & flooding Components (blue), Processes (green), Services (yellow) Supporting service: Physical habitat IMM IMM IMM IMM IMM IMM Supporting service: Biodiversity IMM IMM IMM IMM IMM IMM Supporting service: Threatened wetland species, habitat and ecosystems IMM IMM IMM IMM IMM IMM Supporting service: Priority wetland species and ecosystems IMM IMM IMM IMM IMM IMM IMM IMM Cultural service: Tourism Cultural service: Science and education Supporting service: Natural or near-natural wetland ecosystems IMM Key to shapes used in conceptual model. Reference: Hale, J. 2009, Ecological Character Description of Pulu Keeling National Park Ramsar Site, A report to the Department of Environment Heritage Water and the Arts. 46. Pulu Keeling National Park 8. Invasive & Other Problematic Species & Genes 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species 11. Climate Change & Severe Weather 11.3. Temperature extremes Yellow Crazy Ants (Anoplolepis gracilipes) Indicator: Presence of super colonies Increased predation (land animals) 5. Biological Resource Use 5.1. Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals 5.4. Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources Increased temperature Indicator: Sea temperature (reef) Species mortality (Coral) 11. Climate Change & Severe Weather 11.4. Storms & flooding Direct species removal (fish and seabirds) Indicator: Number of hunting / fishing trips Physical disturbance Indicator: Vegetation extent; canopy cover Decreased population (seabirds) Indicator: Seabird numbers Altered community composition (removal of grazing fish species) 6. Human Intrusions & Disturbance 6.1. Recreational activities Decreased vegetation health (terrestrial vegetation) Disruption of breeding (seabird rookeries) Altered food webs Component: Invertebrates Service: Biodiversity Component: Fish Service: Biodiversity Component: Marine turtles Service: Threatened species Component: Waterbirds Services: Physical habitat, Threatened species, Priority species Component: Vegetation Service: Physical habitat, Threatened species, Priority species