![Land-use intensification reduces functional redundancy and](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/004333349_1-0ca24b83814e05de20448c1c4858bc65-300x300.png)
Land-use intensification reduces functional redundancy and
... & Brown 1993; Naeem 1998). If there are sets of co-existing species whose ecological effects are similar, then any given species pool may be classified into Ôfunctional effect groupsÕ, based on the traits which determine these effects (Hooper et al. 2002; Lavorel & Garnier 2002). The degree of redun ...
... & Brown 1993; Naeem 1998). If there are sets of co-existing species whose ecological effects are similar, then any given species pool may be classified into Ôfunctional effect groupsÕ, based on the traits which determine these effects (Hooper et al. 2002; Lavorel & Garnier 2002). The degree of redun ...
Compare and contrast the major types of species - science-b
... Exploitation in which animals feed on the tissues of plants - Widely seen in insects - May not kill the plant, but affects its growth and survival • Defenses against herbivory include - Chemicals: toxic or distasteful parts - Physical: thorns, spines, or irritating hairs - Other animals: protect th ...
... Exploitation in which animals feed on the tissues of plants - Widely seen in insects - May not kill the plant, but affects its growth and survival • Defenses against herbivory include - Chemicals: toxic or distasteful parts - Physical: thorns, spines, or irritating hairs - Other animals: protect th ...
The growth–mortality tradeoff: evidence from anuran
... for diVerences in species distributions across resource gradients (Grime and Hunt 1975; Grime et al. 1997; Arendt 1997). Species that are capable of growing fast when resources are abundant often grow poorly when resources are rare. Conversely, species that are capable of growing, albeit slowly, whe ...
... for diVerences in species distributions across resource gradients (Grime and Hunt 1975; Grime et al. 1997; Arendt 1997). Species that are capable of growing fast when resources are abundant often grow poorly when resources are rare. Conversely, species that are capable of growing, albeit slowly, whe ...
Eco-evolutionary feedbacks during experimental range
... ange shifts and biological invasions are increasing in frequency, likely due to anthropogenic habitat conversion, species introductions or climate change1–4. While it is ecologically and economically highly relevant to predict the spatiotemporal dynamics of species’ ranges, this task remains challen ...
... ange shifts and biological invasions are increasing in frequency, likely due to anthropogenic habitat conversion, species introductions or climate change1–4. While it is ecologically and economically highly relevant to predict the spatiotemporal dynamics of species’ ranges, this task remains challen ...
Ecology of the New Zealand Rocky Shore Community
... attach to or shelter beneath in a dynamic environment exposed to strong water currents and wave action. The rock provides a stable anchorage for many sessile organisms and allows them to grow to a large size without being dislodged. With a plentiful supply of food, their relatively large size means ...
... attach to or shelter beneath in a dynamic environment exposed to strong water currents and wave action. The rock provides a stable anchorage for many sessile organisms and allows them to grow to a large size without being dislodged. With a plentiful supply of food, their relatively large size means ...
The tortoise and the hare: ecology of angiosperm
... thin, leaf lamina. Givnish (1979) discussed mechanical aspects of leaf venation emphasizing the cost of a vein versus its support function. Thick sclerophyll leaves have few or disorganized veins per unit area since the thickened cell walls are self-supporting. However sclerophylly also enables leav ...
... thin, leaf lamina. Givnish (1979) discussed mechanical aspects of leaf venation emphasizing the cost of a vein versus its support function. Thick sclerophyll leaves have few or disorganized veins per unit area since the thickened cell walls are self-supporting. However sclerophylly also enables leav ...
ECOLOGICAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION OF TOOLIBIN LAKE
... wetland ecosystem, or in their interactions, which maintain the wetland and its products, functions and attributes”. Contracting parties are expected to manage their Ramsar sites so as to maintain the ecological character of each site and, in doing so, retain those essential ecological and hydrologi ...
... wetland ecosystem, or in their interactions, which maintain the wetland and its products, functions and attributes”. Contracting parties are expected to manage their Ramsar sites so as to maintain the ecological character of each site and, in doing so, retain those essential ecological and hydrologi ...
Unit 1 Review Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that
... a. They enable the organism to survive in its environment. b. They help the organism to compete with other organisms. c. They increase competition among different organisms. d. They allow organisms to play a specific role in their environment. ____ 22. When two organisms are competing for resources, ...
... a. They enable the organism to survive in its environment. b. They help the organism to compete with other organisms. c. They increase competition among different organisms. d. They allow organisms to play a specific role in their environment. ____ 22. When two organisms are competing for resources, ...
A synthesis of subdisciplines: predator–prey interactions, and
... diversity, the central question of BEF is how diversity affects, rather than responds to, ecological processes. While BEF has not developed in strict isolation from PPI (Wilby & Thomas 2002; Cardinale et al. 2003; Chalcraft & Resetarits 2003), the two research areas clearly have distinct histories a ...
... diversity, the central question of BEF is how diversity affects, rather than responds to, ecological processes. While BEF has not developed in strict isolation from PPI (Wilby & Thomas 2002; Cardinale et al. 2003; Chalcraft & Resetarits 2003), the two research areas clearly have distinct histories a ...
diversity, ecosystem function, and stability of parasitoid
... Abstract. Global biodiversity decline has prompted great interest in the effects of habitat modification and diversity on the functioning and stability of ecosystem processes. However, the applicability of previous modeled or mesocosm community studies to real diverse communities in different habitat ...
... Abstract. Global biodiversity decline has prompted great interest in the effects of habitat modification and diversity on the functioning and stability of ecosystem processes. However, the applicability of previous modeled or mesocosm community studies to real diverse communities in different habitat ...
Diversity meets decomposition
... Density-dependent diversity effect: a type of complementarity effect, which can arise when the densities of individuals within species decline as diversity increases. Lowered intraspecific densities can lead to increased process rates, for instance by reducing intraspecific competition, by reducing ...
... Density-dependent diversity effect: a type of complementarity effect, which can arise when the densities of individuals within species decline as diversity increases. Lowered intraspecific densities can lead to increased process rates, for instance by reducing intraspecific competition, by reducing ...
Biodiversity and resilience of ecosystem functions
... Resilient ecosystem function: See main text for history of the term resilience. The definition used here is the degree to which an ecosystem function can resist or recover rapidly from environmental perturbations, thereby maintaining function above a socially acceptable level. Resistance/recovery: I ...
... Resilient ecosystem function: See main text for history of the term resilience. The definition used here is the degree to which an ecosystem function can resist or recover rapidly from environmental perturbations, thereby maintaining function above a socially acceptable level. Resistance/recovery: I ...
estuary-net
... The fundamental goal of ecology is to understand the distribution and abundance of organisms. Toward this end, ecology explores relationships between organisms and biotic (living) factors or abiotic (non-living) factors in the environment. Ecological interactions range from the impact of predation ( ...
... The fundamental goal of ecology is to understand the distribution and abundance of organisms. Toward this end, ecology explores relationships between organisms and biotic (living) factors or abiotic (non-living) factors in the environment. Ecological interactions range from the impact of predation ( ...
Introduction Poaceae (R.Br.) Barnh. is the fourth
... cultivated since millennia. Sugarcane, the main source of sugar around the world also belongs to the family Poaceae. In fact, human civilization developed only after successful cultivation of cereal and fodder grasses of various kinds. Apart from food and fodder, several grasses are used for extract ...
... cultivated since millennia. Sugarcane, the main source of sugar around the world also belongs to the family Poaceae. In fact, human civilization developed only after successful cultivation of cereal and fodder grasses of various kinds. Apart from food and fodder, several grasses are used for extract ...
Ecological Divergence and Reproductive Isolation in an Amazonian
... Neotropical forests have the highest tree diversity on earth, with an estimated 22,000 species. In contrast temperate North America, Europe and Asia combined support only 1,166 tree species. In the western Amazon rainforest, complex patterns of edaphic heterogeneity have been invoked as potential dr ...
... Neotropical forests have the highest tree diversity on earth, with an estimated 22,000 species. In contrast temperate North America, Europe and Asia combined support only 1,166 tree species. In the western Amazon rainforest, complex patterns of edaphic heterogeneity have been invoked as potential dr ...
Carcasses provide resources not exclusively to scavengers: patterns
... Abstract. Carrion provides energy transfer to food webs as a primary trophic resource for many taxa. Ecological relationships around this pulsed resource are highly complex and are influenced by many factors, including those related to its availability and the management of carcasses by humans. In r ...
... Abstract. Carrion provides energy transfer to food webs as a primary trophic resource for many taxa. Ecological relationships around this pulsed resource are highly complex and are influenced by many factors, including those related to its availability and the management of carcasses by humans. In r ...
A quicker return energyuse strategy by populations of a subtropical
... thus could not be used to calculate payback time and PEUE because Pmax was measured on the youngest fully expanded leaf. To further evaluate differences between plants from invasive and native populations in traits involving gas exchange, mass-based Pmax, stomatal conductance (Gs) and respiration ra ...
... thus could not be used to calculate payback time and PEUE because Pmax was measured on the youngest fully expanded leaf. To further evaluate differences between plants from invasive and native populations in traits involving gas exchange, mass-based Pmax, stomatal conductance (Gs) and respiration ra ...
FUNCTIONAL MATRIX: A Conceptual Framework for Predicting
... the assumption that there are suites of related plant traits that can generalize how species affect ecosystem processes or respond to environmental changes (Wilson 1999). For example, plants adapted to low-nutrient environments have high nutrient use efficiency, slow growth and photosynthetic rates, ...
... the assumption that there are suites of related plant traits that can generalize how species affect ecosystem processes or respond to environmental changes (Wilson 1999). For example, plants adapted to low-nutrient environments have high nutrient use efficiency, slow growth and photosynthetic rates, ...
empirical approaches to quantifying interaction intensity: competition
... Abstract. Quantitative synthesis across studies requires consistent measures of effect size among studies. In community ecology, these measures of effect size will often be some measure of the strength of interactions between taxa. However, indices of interaction strength vary greatly among both the ...
... Abstract. Quantitative synthesis across studies requires consistent measures of effect size among studies. In community ecology, these measures of effect size will often be some measure of the strength of interactions between taxa. However, indices of interaction strength vary greatly among both the ...
ExamView Pro - Chapter 20.bnk
... b. Predict the relative numbers of herbs, shrubs, and trees and the total number of plant species that you would expect to see 100 years after abandonment of the field. ANS: a. The following are some valid conclusions: (1) The total number of plant species present in the field increased over the 40- ...
... b. Predict the relative numbers of herbs, shrubs, and trees and the total number of plant species that you would expect to see 100 years after abandonment of the field. ANS: a. The following are some valid conclusions: (1) The total number of plant species present in the field increased over the 40- ...
ppt
... & simple life histories Most of these assumptions are broken in the real world; each broken assumption could result in the maintenance of unlimited species richness! (Tilman & Pacala 1993) ...
... & simple life histories Most of these assumptions are broken in the real world; each broken assumption could result in the maintenance of unlimited species richness! (Tilman & Pacala 1993) ...
Conceptual issues in local adaptation
... A large body of theoretical literature is concerned with the interplay between spatially divergent selection and gene flow, and its effect on adaptive evolution. Although much of that work has been motivated by other questions (e.g. maintenance of genetic polymorphism, evolution of specialization, d ...
... A large body of theoretical literature is concerned with the interplay between spatially divergent selection and gene flow, and its effect on adaptive evolution. Although much of that work has been motivated by other questions (e.g. maintenance of genetic polymorphism, evolution of specialization, d ...
Vegetation Change and Ecosystem Services
... and maintaining the inundation period (Marty 2005). Trampling by grazing animals may also lengthen the inundation period. Serpentine grasslands Serpentine grasslands occur on soils that develop on serpentine outcrops mainly in the Franciscan formation of California’s coastal range. Serpentine soils ...
... and maintaining the inundation period (Marty 2005). Trampling by grazing animals may also lengthen the inundation period. Serpentine grasslands Serpentine grasslands occur on soils that develop on serpentine outcrops mainly in the Franciscan formation of California’s coastal range. Serpentine soils ...
Ecological fitting
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Colorado_potato_beetle.jpg?width=300)
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.