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Land-use history - India Environment Portal
... the Argentine pampas found higher densities of pest grasshoppers in disturbed sites dominated by introduced forbs and pasture grasses compared to adjacent natural areas dominated by native vegetation (Torrusio, Cigliano & De Wysiecki 2002). Although these recent studies demonstrate clear contingenci ...
... the Argentine pampas found higher densities of pest grasshoppers in disturbed sites dominated by introduced forbs and pasture grasses compared to adjacent natural areas dominated by native vegetation (Torrusio, Cigliano & De Wysiecki 2002). Although these recent studies demonstrate clear contingenci ...
Toward an ecological synthesis: a case for habitat selection
... Abstract Habitat selection, and its associated density and frequency-dependent evolution, has a profound influence on such vital phenomena as population regulation, species interactions, the assembly of ecological communities, and the origin and maintenance of biodiversity. Different strategies of h ...
... Abstract Habitat selection, and its associated density and frequency-dependent evolution, has a profound influence on such vital phenomena as population regulation, species interactions, the assembly of ecological communities, and the origin and maintenance of biodiversity. Different strategies of h ...
Here - American Society of Mammalogists
... many of the world’s wild large mammals. Consequently, conservation efforts are increasingly aimed at managing land for wildlife-livestock coexistence. Understanding the effect of cattle on different wild species could allow ranchers to adjust management plans to promote coexistence. Cattle could eve ...
... many of the world’s wild large mammals. Consequently, conservation efforts are increasingly aimed at managing land for wildlife-livestock coexistence. Understanding the effect of cattle on different wild species could allow ranchers to adjust management plans to promote coexistence. Cattle could eve ...
The role of climate and plant functional trade‐offs in shaping global
... (biomes) is independent of phylogenetic taxonomy (von Humboldt, 1808; Schimper, 1898). While previous explanations for these patterns have mostly been of a phenomenological nature, we show in this paper how they can be understood from first principles in terms of climatic constraints and plant funct ...
... (biomes) is independent of phylogenetic taxonomy (von Humboldt, 1808; Schimper, 1898). While previous explanations for these patterns have mostly been of a phenomenological nature, we show in this paper how they can be understood from first principles in terms of climatic constraints and plant funct ...
The Effect of Density-Independent Mortality on the Coexistence of
... Equations (5) assume a symmetric state where the two competitors differ in the resource they capture most effectively and have mirror image consumption rates. If both species capture resource i at a greater rate than resource j, then a low enough value of d implies that resource j is the only resour ...
... Equations (5) assume a symmetric state where the two competitors differ in the resource they capture most effectively and have mirror image consumption rates. If both species capture resource i at a greater rate than resource j, then a low enough value of d implies that resource j is the only resour ...
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... fee on harvesters, in that it reduces net returns by increasing the survival cost. The result is that h slows entry and speeds exit of falcons, the same as a license fee. System (3)-(4) is analogous to a special class of open access problems where there are no variable production costs, so that an i ...
... fee on harvesters, in that it reduces net returns by increasing the survival cost. The result is that h slows entry and speeds exit of falcons, the same as a license fee. System (3)-(4) is analogous to a special class of open access problems where there are no variable production costs, so that an i ...
- Wiley Online Library
... architecture. The spatial distribution of grasses over a landscape is determined by the interplay between biotic and abiotic processes, such as soil quality, water, fire, grazing pressure and seed dispersal (Anderson et al. 2007a; Anderson, Ritchie & McNaughton 2007b; Blair 1997; Bond & Keeley 2005). ...
... architecture. The spatial distribution of grasses over a landscape is determined by the interplay between biotic and abiotic processes, such as soil quality, water, fire, grazing pressure and seed dispersal (Anderson et al. 2007a; Anderson, Ritchie & McNaughton 2007b; Blair 1997; Bond & Keeley 2005). ...
independent gradients of producer, consumer
... polyacrylamide with a denaturant gradient ranging from 20% to 55% (100% denaturant being 7 mol/L urea and 40% deionized formamide). Electrophoresis was run at a constant voltage of 200 V for three hours at 608C in a buffer of 13 Tris-Acetate-EDTA (TAE). After electrophoresis, the gels were stained w ...
... polyacrylamide with a denaturant gradient ranging from 20% to 55% (100% denaturant being 7 mol/L urea and 40% deionized formamide). Electrophoresis was run at a constant voltage of 200 V for three hours at 608C in a buffer of 13 Tris-Acetate-EDTA (TAE). After electrophoresis, the gels were stained w ...
Patterns in body mass distributions: sifting among alternative
... spaceÕ (McShea 2000) while a driven trend is one in which the chance of morphological change, speciation and extinction are the same for all lineages throughout the state space. Passive and driven trends are consistent with selection bias and developmental tendencies, and within different contexts ( ...
... spaceÕ (McShea 2000) while a driven trend is one in which the chance of morphological change, speciation and extinction are the same for all lineages throughout the state space. Passive and driven trends are consistent with selection bias and developmental tendencies, and within different contexts ( ...
Contents Organising committee - New Zealand Ecological Society
... lunch, snacks, bottled water are provided. Tea and coffee are also available on the island. Wear strong footwear for walking. Bring a raincoat and warm jacket as well as a sunhat. Footwear, clothing and field gear must be scrupulously clean, and free of all dirt, seeds, insects, pocket fluff. You wi ...
... lunch, snacks, bottled water are provided. Tea and coffee are also available on the island. Wear strong footwear for walking. Bring a raincoat and warm jacket as well as a sunhat. Footwear, clothing and field gear must be scrupulously clean, and free of all dirt, seeds, insects, pocket fluff. You wi ...
Intra- and interspecific competition among helminth parasites
... in ways that are likely to increase their predation by birds (Lefebvre and Poulin, unpublished data; Hansen and Poulin, 2005). The second species using the amphipod as an intermediate host, Acanthocephalus galaxii, matures in fish. Although no study has tested the ability of this particular species t ...
... in ways that are likely to increase their predation by birds (Lefebvre and Poulin, unpublished data; Hansen and Poulin, 2005). The second species using the amphipod as an intermediate host, Acanthocephalus galaxii, matures in fish. Although no study has tested the ability of this particular species t ...
How the Magnitude of Prey Genetic Variation Alters Predator
... a fixed additive genetic variation. In addition, gradient dynamic models, like model (1), do not explicitly model the relationship between genotype and phenotype, implying that they may yield an incomplete picture when specifics about genetic processes matter. Despite these underlying assumptions, gra ...
... a fixed additive genetic variation. In addition, gradient dynamic models, like model (1), do not explicitly model the relationship between genotype and phenotype, implying that they may yield an incomplete picture when specifics about genetic processes matter. Despite these underlying assumptions, gra ...
Does dispersal influence intraspecific competition in a stream
... of evolutionary divergence can produce spatial variation in intraspecific competitive performance. For example, intraspecific competition between individuals from highdivergence populations may be weaker than between individuals from low-divergence populations because of differences in traits affect ...
... of evolutionary divergence can produce spatial variation in intraspecific competitive performance. For example, intraspecific competition between individuals from highdivergence populations may be weaker than between individuals from low-divergence populations because of differences in traits affect ...
How do generalist consumers coexist over evolutionary time? An
... is the trait subject to selection. This model structure allows us to consider a broad spectrum of eco-evolutionary possibilities: we can combine antagonistic, substitutable, or complementary resource nutritional interactions along with concave, linear, or convex resource acquisition tradeoff shapes. ...
... is the trait subject to selection. This model structure allows us to consider a broad spectrum of eco-evolutionary possibilities: we can combine antagonistic, substitutable, or complementary resource nutritional interactions along with concave, linear, or convex resource acquisition tradeoff shapes. ...
Patterns in body mass distributions: sifting among alternative
... spaceÕ (McShea 2000) while a driven trend is one in which the chance of morphological change, speciation and extinction are the same for all lineages throughout the state space. Passive and driven trends are consistent with selection bias and developmental tendencies, and within different contexts ( ...
... spaceÕ (McShea 2000) while a driven trend is one in which the chance of morphological change, speciation and extinction are the same for all lineages throughout the state space. Passive and driven trends are consistent with selection bias and developmental tendencies, and within different contexts ( ...
What is an apex predator?
... may ensure that the largest and the fiercest do not overexploit their resources. ...
... may ensure that the largest and the fiercest do not overexploit their resources. ...
Ecological Risk Assessment of Non
... Large number, in distributed areas Large number, not frequently used ...
... Large number, in distributed areas Large number, not frequently used ...
Consumer versus resource control of producer producer community structure
... negative effects on producer diversity (6–8); no consensus has been reached as to what determines the direction or magnitude of these effects, although ecosystem productivity is thought to strongly influence community responses (9). Resource enrichment in unproductive environments may enhance divers ...
... negative effects on producer diversity (6–8); no consensus has been reached as to what determines the direction or magnitude of these effects, although ecosystem productivity is thought to strongly influence community responses (9). Resource enrichment in unproductive environments may enhance divers ...
Keystone Interactions: Salmon and Bear in Riparian
... 1997; Mulder and others 2001) demonstrate how positive interactions among different species help maintain the structure and diversity of various plant and animal communities, particularly under adverse environmental conditions. There has been some debate as to whether such positive interactions exer ...
... 1997; Mulder and others 2001) demonstrate how positive interactions among different species help maintain the structure and diversity of various plant and animal communities, particularly under adverse environmental conditions. There has been some debate as to whether such positive interactions exer ...
The Rise of the Mesopredator
... (habitat and resources) and top-down (apex predator) forces. This approach has been employed nicely in a large-scale study examining the relative influence of apex predators (wolves and lynx) and land-use changes on red fox populations in Sweden (Elmhagen and Rushton 2007). Trade-offs inherent to pr ...
... (habitat and resources) and top-down (apex predator) forces. This approach has been employed nicely in a large-scale study examining the relative influence of apex predators (wolves and lynx) and land-use changes on red fox populations in Sweden (Elmhagen and Rushton 2007). Trade-offs inherent to pr ...
Survival selection on escape performance and its underlying
... presence of predatory dragonflies in two Enallagma species occupying dragonfly lakes. By jointly studying phenotype–performance–fitness relationships for all relevant phenotypic traits known to underlie a wellunderstood performance trait, we will be able to evaluate the role of many-to-one mapping i ...
... presence of predatory dragonflies in two Enallagma species occupying dragonfly lakes. By jointly studying phenotype–performance–fitness relationships for all relevant phenotypic traits known to underlie a wellunderstood performance trait, we will be able to evaluate the role of many-to-one mapping i ...
Chapter 5 Biotic interactions and temporal patterns forLandslide
... rely on landslides (and other disturbances including fires and floods) for regeneration (Veblen et al., 1992, 2003) and Juniperus brevifolia trees in the Azores rely on landslides, volcanic eruptions, and treefall gaps for regeneration (Elias & Dias, 2004, 2009). The ephemeral nature of many landsli ...
... rely on landslides (and other disturbances including fires and floods) for regeneration (Veblen et al., 1992, 2003) and Juniperus brevifolia trees in the Azores rely on landslides, volcanic eruptions, and treefall gaps for regeneration (Elias & Dias, 2004, 2009). The ephemeral nature of many landsli ...
Resolving the value of the dingo in ecological restoration
... north-western NSW (Newsome 2001) to allow natural recovery of the existing dingo population and recolonization to the National Park from the north and west (Fig. 2). Alternatively, a dingo-proof fence could be added on the southern and eastern boundary to effectively enclose the Park so that densiti ...
... north-western NSW (Newsome 2001) to allow natural recovery of the existing dingo population and recolonization to the National Park from the north and west (Fig. 2). Alternatively, a dingo-proof fence could be added on the southern and eastern boundary to effectively enclose the Park so that densiti ...
Adaptations to Intraguild Competition
... The ecological role of mammalian carnivores has traditionally been thought to be limited to controlling prey populations but in recent years it has become clear that stable, intact carnivore guilds play an important role in structuring entire biological communities (e.g. Crooks and Soule 1999, Berge ...
... The ecological role of mammalian carnivores has traditionally been thought to be limited to controlling prey populations but in recent years it has become clear that stable, intact carnivore guilds play an important role in structuring entire biological communities (e.g. Crooks and Soule 1999, Berge ...
Hominid-Carnivore Coevolution and Invasion
... Coevolution is defined as reciprocal selective pressures that operate to make the evolution of one taxon partially dependent on the evolution another. This process often involves multiple species exploiting shared limiting resources. In classic coevolutionary models, populations of sympatric species ...
... Coevolution is defined as reciprocal selective pressures that operate to make the evolution of one taxon partially dependent on the evolution another. This process often involves multiple species exploiting shared limiting resources. In classic coevolutionary models, populations of sympatric species ...
Ecological fitting
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Colorado_potato_beetle.jpg?width=300)
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.