Local adaptation to climate change in a calcareous grassland system
... soil depth gradient may also be part of the mechanism maintaining species stability in experimental treatments at BCCIL (Fridley et al., 2011). Genetic restructuring has been hypothesized as one potential mechanism in the apparent resistance of this grassland community to long-term climate manipulat ...
... soil depth gradient may also be part of the mechanism maintaining species stability in experimental treatments at BCCIL (Fridley et al., 2011). Genetic restructuring has been hypothesized as one potential mechanism in the apparent resistance of this grassland community to long-term climate manipulat ...
Predation and protection in the macroevolutionary history of conifer
... means by which cones are sealed [48], and morphological adaptation to fire is not detectable in all fire-adapted species [49]. Regardless of whether the changes in conifer seed cone tissue allocation were primarily caused by biotic or abiotic factors, they suggest a fundamental shift in the kinds of ...
... means by which cones are sealed [48], and morphological adaptation to fire is not detectable in all fire-adapted species [49]. Regardless of whether the changes in conifer seed cone tissue allocation were primarily caused by biotic or abiotic factors, they suggest a fundamental shift in the kinds of ...
Refuges, Biological Disturbance, and Rocky Subtidal Community Structure in New... Author(s): Jon D. Witman
... 8 m in 1982, causing a 79% reduction (from predisturbance levels) in the mean population density of invertebrates outside the mussel beds. This event served as a natural experiment in which to test the hypothesis that Modiolus beds function as a refuge from severe grazing disturbance. Re-sampling of ...
... 8 m in 1982, causing a 79% reduction (from predisturbance levels) in the mean population density of invertebrates outside the mussel beds. This event served as a natural experiment in which to test the hypothesis that Modiolus beds function as a refuge from severe grazing disturbance. Re-sampling of ...
Indirect effects of phorid ¯y parasitoids on the mechanisms of
... may be of greater magnitude than direct eects. Behaviorally mediated indirect eects occur when one species aects the behavior of a second, which in turn aects how that species interacts with a third. I studied behaviorally mediated indirect eects on the mechanisms of competition in two congener ...
... may be of greater magnitude than direct eects. Behaviorally mediated indirect eects occur when one species aects the behavior of a second, which in turn aects how that species interacts with a third. I studied behaviorally mediated indirect eects on the mechanisms of competition in two congener ...
Explanatory, Predictive, and Heuristic Roles of
... label, but it can refer to legitimate nonexplanatory but classificatory or descriptive generalizations. A necessary (but not sufficient) condition for a generalization to count as explanatory and invariant is that it expresses a change-relating generalization. A change-relating generalization descri ...
... label, but it can refer to legitimate nonexplanatory but classificatory or descriptive generalizations. A necessary (but not sufficient) condition for a generalization to count as explanatory and invariant is that it expresses a change-relating generalization. A change-relating generalization descri ...
Eaten alive: cannibalism is enhanced by parasites
... community dynamics. This may be evidenced through changes in host behaviour as a result of metabolic costs [12], parasite manipulation to increase transmission likelihood [15–17], or can reflect selection on hosts to avoid costs of infection [17]. The microsporidian parasite Pleistophora mulleri is ...
... community dynamics. This may be evidenced through changes in host behaviour as a result of metabolic costs [12], parasite manipulation to increase transmission likelihood [15–17], or can reflect selection on hosts to avoid costs of infection [17]. The microsporidian parasite Pleistophora mulleri is ...
Spatial complementarity in tree crowns explains overyielding in
... Figure 4 | Differences between three indices of crown complementarity and stem biomass overyielding. a–c, Across all species mixtures (two-, four- and twelve-species; n = 25), stem biomass overyielding was positively associated with the net difference in crown complementarity between mixture- and ...
... Figure 4 | Differences between three indices of crown complementarity and stem biomass overyielding. a–c, Across all species mixtures (two-, four- and twelve-species; n = 25), stem biomass overyielding was positively associated with the net difference in crown complementarity between mixture- and ...
Validation of an Instrument to Measure the Change in Ecological
... ability to educate and impart instructional strategies to teachers in two content areas: ecological principles and humanity's interaction with the environment. The experiences offered by programs must be multidisciplinary, include "hands-on" participatory or field experiences, and must educate parti ...
... ability to educate and impart instructional strategies to teachers in two content areas: ecological principles and humanity's interaction with the environment. The experiences offered by programs must be multidisciplinary, include "hands-on" participatory or field experiences, and must educate parti ...
limiting resources and the regulation of diversity in phytoplankton
... in the algorithm and computed the rank correlation coefficient between Simpson’s diversity index and the number of limiting resources. Although these experimental data provided us an estimate of saturating-resource levels, it was difficult to determine actual environmental threshold levels without e ...
... in the algorithm and computed the rank correlation coefficient between Simpson’s diversity index and the number of limiting resources. Although these experimental data provided us an estimate of saturating-resource levels, it was difficult to determine actual environmental threshold levels without e ...
species interactions in intertidal food webs: prey or predation
... Alternatively, if intraguild predation is weak, but predator effects on shared prey are strong, exploitation competition may structure the higher trophic levels and prey should be subject to severe reductions (Fig. 1, model B; see Spiller and Schoener [1990], Diehl [1995]). A plethora of indirect ef ...
... Alternatively, if intraguild predation is weak, but predator effects on shared prey are strong, exploitation competition may structure the higher trophic levels and prey should be subject to severe reductions (Fig. 1, model B; see Spiller and Schoener [1990], Diehl [1995]). A plethora of indirect ef ...
Parasitic plants: parallels and contrasts with herbivores
... similar rigorous analysis has not been conducted for parasitic plants; nonetheless, some patterns are evident. Performance of parasitic plants is often better on legumes, suggesting that N content is important to performance (Watkinson and Gibson 1988; Gibson and Watkinson 1991; Seel and Press 1993, ...
... similar rigorous analysis has not been conducted for parasitic plants; nonetheless, some patterns are evident. Performance of parasitic plants is often better on legumes, suggesting that N content is important to performance (Watkinson and Gibson 1988; Gibson and Watkinson 1991; Seel and Press 1993, ...
Invasion of a stream food web by a new top predator
... from the early webs (Paine 1988; Hall & Raffaelli 1993; Polis 1994). Notable shortcomings of many original food webs are that they are merely subsets of larger webs, some infer the presence of feeding links (see Cohen 1978) and most are poorly resolved taxonomically, particularly among the lower tro ...
... from the early webs (Paine 1988; Hall & Raffaelli 1993; Polis 1994). Notable shortcomings of many original food webs are that they are merely subsets of larger webs, some infer the presence of feeding links (see Cohen 1978) and most are poorly resolved taxonomically, particularly among the lower tro ...
A shift from exploitation to interference competition with increasing
... Ginzburg 1989); an increase in resources will result in an increase in the encounter rate. For example, imagine a population of squirrels that compete for nuts exploitatively, in that each nut eaten by a squirrel reduces the number of nuts available for other squirrels. In that case, squirrel fitnes ...
... Ginzburg 1989); an increase in resources will result in an increase in the encounter rate. For example, imagine a population of squirrels that compete for nuts exploitatively, in that each nut eaten by a squirrel reduces the number of nuts available for other squirrels. In that case, squirrel fitnes ...
Influence of Mammalian Herbivory on Woody Plants Dynamics and
... Plant functional traits - can be defined as morphological or physiological characters that influence species responses to different environmental conditions Functional diversity - Is the value and range of functional traits of the organisms present in a given ecosystem that influence the ecosystem f ...
... Plant functional traits - can be defined as morphological or physiological characters that influence species responses to different environmental conditions Functional diversity - Is the value and range of functional traits of the organisms present in a given ecosystem that influence the ecosystem f ...
The complexity of amphibian population declines
... colonizations that are difficult to document and predict.9,10 Amphibian populations are often described as having “crashed” or undergone “sudden declines,” “rapid declines,” or “significant declines,” frequently without precisely defining the criteria used to describe the declines.11–13 Stuart et al ...
... colonizations that are difficult to document and predict.9,10 Amphibian populations are often described as having “crashed” or undergone “sudden declines,” “rapid declines,” or “significant declines,” frequently without precisely defining the criteria used to describe the declines.11–13 Stuart et al ...
A related threat is how climate change will influence the
... franciscana (Table 4, left side, #5, 6). This objective is in keeping with the 2003 Recovery Plan as well. No or little genetic transmission is likely between the species because they differ in ploidy level. Given that A. franciscana already has alleles represented in the Presidio Manzanita, it migh ...
... franciscana (Table 4, left side, #5, 6). This objective is in keeping with the 2003 Recovery Plan as well. No or little genetic transmission is likely between the species because they differ in ploidy level. Given that A. franciscana already has alleles represented in the Presidio Manzanita, it migh ...
global strategy for addressing the problem of invasive alien species
... 8. The scope of species invasions is global and the cost is enormous, in both ecological and economic terms. Invasive alien species are found in all taxonomic groups. They include viruses, fungi, algae, mosses, ferns, higher plants, invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. They ...
... 8. The scope of species invasions is global and the cost is enormous, in both ecological and economic terms. Invasive alien species are found in all taxonomic groups. They include viruses, fungi, algae, mosses, ferns, higher plants, invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. They ...
Table of Contents - New England Conference Company
... Murray Darling Basin Reset, Rebuild, Restore: enterprise, ecosystem and community restoration in north east NSW Landscape-level revegetation reverses the decline of woodland birds in agricultural environments Comprehensive, reliable habitat classification and mapping is vital for restoration ecology ...
... Murray Darling Basin Reset, Rebuild, Restore: enterprise, ecosystem and community restoration in north east NSW Landscape-level revegetation reverses the decline of woodland birds in agricultural environments Comprehensive, reliable habitat classification and mapping is vital for restoration ecology ...
The Smuggling
... Dendrobates lamasi – Red, orange, and green morphs Dendrobates lehmanni – This species is now considered the most endangered poison frog in Colombia, and smuggling continues to jeopardize many populations. In some places this species has gone completely extinct due to heavy smuggling. These frogs ar ...
... Dendrobates lamasi – Red, orange, and green morphs Dendrobates lehmanni – This species is now considered the most endangered poison frog in Colombia, and smuggling continues to jeopardize many populations. In some places this species has gone completely extinct due to heavy smuggling. These frogs ar ...
Trophic promiscuity, intraguild predation and the problem of omnivores
... both significant positive and negative effects; the negative reports do not cease to be valid in their own right just because they are less common on average than the positive ones. Perhaps the more interesting question is why the effects of multi-predator species on pest suppression appear to be co ...
... both significant positive and negative effects; the negative reports do not cease to be valid in their own right just because they are less common on average than the positive ones. Perhaps the more interesting question is why the effects of multi-predator species on pest suppression appear to be co ...
Computational systems biology and in silico modeling of the human
... they are molecular mechanisms in a living cell, neuronal circuits in the brain or populations of organisms in an ecosystem. This complexity is mostly encapsulated not in the components that constitute the system but rather in the intricate and often highly nonuniform way these numerous components ar ...
... they are molecular mechanisms in a living cell, neuronal circuits in the brain or populations of organisms in an ecosystem. This complexity is mostly encapsulated not in the components that constitute the system but rather in the intricate and often highly nonuniform way these numerous components ar ...
Entomology in Ecuador - Horizon documentation-IRD
... anthropogenic changes are still incompletely known. The wide diversity of habitats that Ecuador possesses in a small area makes it an ideal location for biodiversity, ecological and evolutionary research. Although the ...
... anthropogenic changes are still incompletely known. The wide diversity of habitats that Ecuador possesses in a small area makes it an ideal location for biodiversity, ecological and evolutionary research. Although the ...
The intraspecific scaling of metabolic rate with body mass in fishes
... Makarieva et al. 2008). A key question is to what extent is this variation just statistical ÔnoiseÕ about an average scaling relationship, compared with systematic variation that could depend on specific ecological or biological factors. Indeed, if variation in b is systematic, quantifying the exten ...
... Makarieva et al. 2008). A key question is to what extent is this variation just statistical ÔnoiseÕ about an average scaling relationship, compared with systematic variation that could depend on specific ecological or biological factors. Indeed, if variation in b is systematic, quantifying the exten ...
Land-use intensification reduces functional redundancy and
... & Brown 1993; Naeem 1998). If there are sets of co-existing species whose ecological effects are similar, then any given species pool may be classified into Ôfunctional effect groupsÕ, based on the traits which determine these effects (Hooper et al. 2002; Lavorel & Garnier 2002). The degree of redun ...
... & Brown 1993; Naeem 1998). If there are sets of co-existing species whose ecological effects are similar, then any given species pool may be classified into Ôfunctional effect groupsÕ, based on the traits which determine these effects (Hooper et al. 2002; Lavorel & Garnier 2002). The degree of redun ...
Ecological fitting
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.