Synaptic inhibition is caused by:
... An example of how an afterdischarge type of neuronal pool is utilized: a. short term memory b. cause a series of successive impulses to produce muscle tetanization c. a timing circuit, such as in determining the duration of breathing movements d. to produce spatial summation of a post-synaptic site ...
... An example of how an afterdischarge type of neuronal pool is utilized: a. short term memory b. cause a series of successive impulses to produce muscle tetanization c. a timing circuit, such as in determining the duration of breathing movements d. to produce spatial summation of a post-synaptic site ...
Duration Sensitivity to Other Response Properties of the Rat
... The majority of these (76%) were long-pass neurons that responded to sounds exceeding some duration threshold (range: 5– 60 ms). Bandpass neurons, which only responded to a restricted range of durations, made up 13% of duration-sensitive neurons (best durations: 15–120 ms). Other units displayed sho ...
... The majority of these (76%) were long-pass neurons that responded to sounds exceeding some duration threshold (range: 5– 60 ms). Bandpass neurons, which only responded to a restricted range of durations, made up 13% of duration-sensitive neurons (best durations: 15–120 ms). Other units displayed sho ...
Methods of Studying The Nervous System - U
... • Routes of drug administration include intragastrically (stomach), intraperitonally (abdomen), intramuscularly, subcutaneuously, or intravenously • These peripheral routes all suffer from th fact that many drugs cannot pass the blood-brain barrier; • This problem can be overcome administering drug ...
... • Routes of drug administration include intragastrically (stomach), intraperitonally (abdomen), intramuscularly, subcutaneuously, or intravenously • These peripheral routes all suffer from th fact that many drugs cannot pass the blood-brain barrier; • This problem can be overcome administering drug ...
BioAssay Systems Kinase
... plate). Use black flat-bottom plates. Prior to assay, bring all reagents to room temperature. Assays in duplicate wells are recommended. Interference: thiols (β-mercaptoethanol, dithioerythritol etc) at > 10 µM interfere with this assay and should be avoided. Kinase Activity Assay in 384-well Plate ...
... plate). Use black flat-bottom plates. Prior to assay, bring all reagents to room temperature. Assays in duplicate wells are recommended. Interference: thiols (β-mercaptoethanol, dithioerythritol etc) at > 10 µM interfere with this assay and should be avoided. Kinase Activity Assay in 384-well Plate ...
Methods of Protein Analysis
... lower for flour than wheat grain. The step of grinding the wheat sample by each laboratory should have caused at least a part of the higher variation for wheat. Another factor is the uneven distribution of protein found in ground wheat, which will be discussed later. Table 3. Variance in Protein Res ...
... lower for flour than wheat grain. The step of grinding the wheat sample by each laboratory should have caused at least a part of the higher variation for wheat. Another factor is the uneven distribution of protein found in ground wheat, which will be discussed later. Table 3. Variance in Protein Res ...
Cystatin C prevents degeneration of rat nigral dopaminergic neurons
... loss in the fetal mesencephalic cultures, an effect which could be partially reversed by treatment with cystatin C. Moreover, in vivo DA neurons survival study showed that administration of cystatin C in rats with 6OHDA-induced lesion partially rescued the nigral DA neurons. The results indicate tha ...
... loss in the fetal mesencephalic cultures, an effect which could be partially reversed by treatment with cystatin C. Moreover, in vivo DA neurons survival study showed that administration of cystatin C in rats with 6OHDA-induced lesion partially rescued the nigral DA neurons. The results indicate tha ...
Cardiovascular depressor responses to stimulation of substantia
... SN and VTA were blocked by the peripheral and central administration of a DA antagonist, it was suggested that these responses were mediated by mesotelencephalic DA projections (11, 12, 24). However, the location of the neurons within the mesencephalon that may be responsible for these cardiovascula ...
... SN and VTA were blocked by the peripheral and central administration of a DA antagonist, it was suggested that these responses were mediated by mesotelencephalic DA projections (11, 12, 24). However, the location of the neurons within the mesencephalon that may be responsible for these cardiovascula ...
Cauda Equina Syndrome and Nitric Oxide Synthase
... The development of the cauda equina syndrome in the dog and the involvement of spinal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity (NOS-IR) and catalytic nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) activity were studied in a pain model caused by multiple cauda equina constrictions. Increased NOS-IR was found two days po ...
... The development of the cauda equina syndrome in the dog and the involvement of spinal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity (NOS-IR) and catalytic nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) activity were studied in a pain model caused by multiple cauda equina constrictions. Increased NOS-IR was found two days po ...
Alzheimer`s Disease Amyloid-b Links Lens and Brain
... Alzheimer’s disease (AD) amyloid precursor protein (APP). Triplication of the APP gene accelerates APP expression leading to cerebral accumulation of APP-derived amyloid-b peptides (Ab), early-onset AD neuropathology, and age-dependent cognitive sequelae. The DS phenotype complex also includes disti ...
... Alzheimer’s disease (AD) amyloid precursor protein (APP). Triplication of the APP gene accelerates APP expression leading to cerebral accumulation of APP-derived amyloid-b peptides (Ab), early-onset AD neuropathology, and age-dependent cognitive sequelae. The DS phenotype complex also includes disti ...
The basal ganglia: from motor commands to the
... these results using a task in which monkeys learned to reach to each of 4 targets either in a specific sequence or in random order. Turner and Desmurget [34] found that the primary effect of GPi inactivation was to slow reaching movements with no effect on the initiation of movement or the proper s ...
... these results using a task in which monkeys learned to reach to each of 4 targets either in a specific sequence or in random order. Turner and Desmurget [34] found that the primary effect of GPi inactivation was to slow reaching movements with no effect on the initiation of movement or the proper s ...
The Dopamine Transporter and Risk-Taking Behavior
... actions. Dopamine is a major component of the reward pathway and therefore plays a fundamental role in RDS. DAT is responsible for DA re-uptake from the extracellular space after it has been released. In a way, it is recycling DA. The amount of DA available in the extracellular space after accounti ...
... actions. Dopamine is a major component of the reward pathway and therefore plays a fundamental role in RDS. DAT is responsible for DA re-uptake from the extracellular space after it has been released. In a way, it is recycling DA. The amount of DA available in the extracellular space after accounti ...
Mesodermal and neuronal retinoids regulate the induction and
... In order to generate embryos with reduced RALDH2 in the paraxial mesoderm, we utilized transgenic mice that expressed Cre recombinase under the control of the “msd” fragment from the Delta1 promoter (msd:Cre), which drives heterologous gene expression in the paraxial mesoderm from E7 (Beckers et al. ...
... In order to generate embryos with reduced RALDH2 in the paraxial mesoderm, we utilized transgenic mice that expressed Cre recombinase under the control of the “msd” fragment from the Delta1 promoter (msd:Cre), which drives heterologous gene expression in the paraxial mesoderm from E7 (Beckers et al. ...
Excitatory Cerebellar Nucleocortical Circuit Provides Internal
... et al., 1999; Mostofi et al., 2010), we observed that nucleocortical MFs of these animals were found predominantly in regions negative for Zebrin II, including the trough of the lobule simplex (Figures 3A–3C). More specifically, we observed that 90.5% (±3.3%), 88.5% (±6.2%), and 93.7% (±2.8%) of the ...
... et al., 1999; Mostofi et al., 2010), we observed that nucleocortical MFs of these animals were found predominantly in regions negative for Zebrin II, including the trough of the lobule simplex (Figures 3A–3C). More specifically, we observed that 90.5% (±3.3%), 88.5% (±6.2%), and 93.7% (±2.8%) of the ...
The Optic Tectum of Birds - Department of Psychology
... showing typical injections of fluorescent biotinylated dextran amines (BDA). A retrogradely labelled cell and anterogradely labelled terminals from the red injection can be seen in parvocellular nucleus isthmi (Ipc). The arrowheads in the lower right highlight fibres travelling along the brachium of ...
... showing typical injections of fluorescent biotinylated dextran amines (BDA). A retrogradely labelled cell and anterogradely labelled terminals from the red injection can be seen in parvocellular nucleus isthmi (Ipc). The arrowheads in the lower right highlight fibres travelling along the brachium of ...
Delineation of motoneuron subgroups supplying
... movement types, e.g. saccades and the vestibulo-ocular reflex, are well studied in monkey, and they form the basis for assessing the homologous brain structures in humans, for example in clinical cases of eye movement disorders (Horn and Leigh, 2011; Kennard, 2011). However, different species have d ...
... movement types, e.g. saccades and the vestibulo-ocular reflex, are well studied in monkey, and they form the basis for assessing the homologous brain structures in humans, for example in clinical cases of eye movement disorders (Horn and Leigh, 2011; Kennard, 2011). However, different species have d ...
Temporal Profiles of Axon Terminals, Synapses and Spines in the
... Bodian silver impregnation or used for immunohistochemical detection of glial fibrillary acidic protein. Placing 1.0 cm⫻1.0 cm quadratic lattices of points on 5000⫻2.67 times enlarged EM photographs, we measured the number of synapses (synapses: consist of the pre- and postsynaptic densities associa ...
... Bodian silver impregnation or used for immunohistochemical detection of glial fibrillary acidic protein. Placing 1.0 cm⫻1.0 cm quadratic lattices of points on 5000⫻2.67 times enlarged EM photographs, we measured the number of synapses (synapses: consist of the pre- and postsynaptic densities associa ...
Axons, but not cell bodies, are activated by electrical stimulation in
... Extracellular recordings of single units were obtained with tungsten-in-glass microelectrodes (Merrill and Ainsworth 1972) with 15to 25-m exposed tips and plated with platinum black (impedance less than 0.5 MW at 1000 Hz). The Neurolog recording system was used for amplification and filtering. Filt ...
... Extracellular recordings of single units were obtained with tungsten-in-glass microelectrodes (Merrill and Ainsworth 1972) with 15to 25-m exposed tips and plated with platinum black (impedance less than 0.5 MW at 1000 Hz). The Neurolog recording system was used for amplification and filtering. Filt ...
Neuronal RNA Localization and the Cytoskeleton
... The elucidation of regulatory mechanisms for mRNA localization within neuronal growth cones would be important as it would strongly suggest that external cues encountered by the growth cone during pathfinding could directly affect protein synthetic activities locally rather than having to signal sim ...
... The elucidation of regulatory mechanisms for mRNA localization within neuronal growth cones would be important as it would strongly suggest that external cues encountered by the growth cone during pathfinding could directly affect protein synthetic activities locally rather than having to signal sim ...
Contribution of Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Neurons to
... The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTN) and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTN) are major sources of cholinergic projections in the brain stem and contain both cholinergic and glutamatergic neurons (Hallanger and Wainer 1988). PPTN is a part of the reticular activating system, which provides ...
... The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTN) and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTN) are major sources of cholinergic projections in the brain stem and contain both cholinergic and glutamatergic neurons (Hallanger and Wainer 1988). PPTN is a part of the reticular activating system, which provides ...
Deficient Fear Conditioning in Psychopathy
... with paired presentations of CS⫹ and US and 16 trials of CS− alone), and extinction (like habituation) that occurred successively. The CS was presented for 7.05 seconds; the US (painful pressure) lasted for 10 milliseconds and was terminated together with the CS⫹. The US was applied using a plastic ...
... with paired presentations of CS⫹ and US and 16 trials of CS− alone), and extinction (like habituation) that occurred successively. The CS was presented for 7.05 seconds; the US (painful pressure) lasted for 10 milliseconds and was terminated together with the CS⫹. The US was applied using a plastic ...
the giant serotonergic neuron of aplysia: a multi
... presumed to be the sites where transmitter is released. In these sections, GCN’s active zones were quite small, 0.25 pm or approximately five vesicle diameters long. One of GCN’s terminals was reconstructed completely from a series of thin sections. It had a single, flat ovoid active zone with an ar ...
... presumed to be the sites where transmitter is released. In these sections, GCN’s active zones were quite small, 0.25 pm or approximately five vesicle diameters long. One of GCN’s terminals was reconstructed completely from a series of thin sections. It had a single, flat ovoid active zone with an ar ...
Naturally Occurring Fluctuation in Dendritic
... and McEwen, 1990). We are currently investigating whether similar changes in dendritic spine density across the estrous cycle also reflect natural fluctuation of synaptic density. It is interesting to note that studies examining the effects of ovarian steroids on hippocampal neuronal excitability in ...
... and McEwen, 1990). We are currently investigating whether similar changes in dendritic spine density across the estrous cycle also reflect natural fluctuation of synaptic density. It is interesting to note that studies examining the effects of ovarian steroids on hippocampal neuronal excitability in ...
Chapter 8: The Nervous System
... 49. Describe how the spinal cord acts as a reflex center and a relay center. Ans: The gray matter of the spinal cord contains the sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons involved in spinal reflexes. The white matter of the spinal cord contains nerve tracts composed of nerve fibers carrying ...
... 49. Describe how the spinal cord acts as a reflex center and a relay center. Ans: The gray matter of the spinal cord contains the sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons involved in spinal reflexes. The white matter of the spinal cord contains nerve tracts composed of nerve fibers carrying ...
Chapter 8: The Nervous System
... 49. Describe how the spinal cord acts as a reflex center and a relay center. Ans: The gray matter of the spinal cord contains the sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons involved in spinal reflexes. The white matter of the spinal cord contains nerve tracts composed of nerve fibers carrying ...
... 49. Describe how the spinal cord acts as a reflex center and a relay center. Ans: The gray matter of the spinal cord contains the sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons involved in spinal reflexes. The white matter of the spinal cord contains nerve tracts composed of nerve fibers carrying ...
Clinical neurochemistry
Clinical neurochemistry is the field of neurological biochemistry which relates biochemical phenomena to clinical symptomatic manifestations in humans. While neurochemistry is mostly associated with the effects of neurotransmitters and similarly-functioning chemicals on neurons themselves, clinical neurochemistry relates these phenomena to system-wide symptoms. Clinical neurochemistry is related to neurogenesis, neuromodulation, neuroplasticity, neuroendocrinology, and neuroimmunology in the context of associating neurological findings at both lower and higher level organismal functions.