How the brain uses time to represent and process visual information
... inserting a spike or deleting it is set at unity. Thus, spike trains are considered similar (in the sense of D spike [q]) only if they have approximately the same number of spikes, and these spikes occur at approximately the same times, i.e., within 1 /q or less. For neurons that can be considered t ...
... inserting a spike or deleting it is set at unity. Thus, spike trains are considered similar (in the sense of D spike [q]) only if they have approximately the same number of spikes, and these spikes occur at approximately the same times, i.e., within 1 /q or less. For neurons that can be considered t ...
Rich-club organization in effective connectivity among cortical neurons
... were killed after the recording session; and brain tissue was sectioned, immunostained for NeuN, and imaged to verify the silicon prong placement. Signals from all recording sites were simultaneously sampled at 25 kHz. Spike sorting was performed off-line using a semi-automated Matlab script. The da ...
... were killed after the recording session; and brain tissue was sectioned, immunostained for NeuN, and imaged to verify the silicon prong placement. Signals from all recording sites were simultaneously sampled at 25 kHz. Spike sorting was performed off-line using a semi-automated Matlab script. The da ...
Functional Connectivity of the Secondary Somatosensory Cortex of
... provide an alternative view, that is, S2 received direct thalamic inputs rather than through a serially organized path by means of S1. One hypothesis to explain these divergent findings is the possibility that serial or parallel processing types vary among species and/ or different body regions. The ...
... provide an alternative view, that is, S2 received direct thalamic inputs rather than through a serially organized path by means of S1. One hypothesis to explain these divergent findings is the possibility that serial or parallel processing types vary among species and/ or different body regions. The ...
Behavioral consequences of abnormal cortical development
... the developmental period. Furthermore, it is not surprising that when disruptions in the normal cortical development do occur, they can have profound and long-lasting influences on the behavior of the animal. What happens when an injury interferes with the normal developmental program of the cerebra ...
... the developmental period. Furthermore, it is not surprising that when disruptions in the normal cortical development do occur, they can have profound and long-lasting influences on the behavior of the animal. What happens when an injury interferes with the normal developmental program of the cerebra ...
ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION AND EXTRAHEPATIC DRUG
... The rate of elimination of the metabolite may be faster or slow er than the rate of formation of the metabolite from the drug. Generally, metabolites such as glucuronide, sulfate, or glycine conjugates are more polar or more w ater soluble than the parent drug and w ill be eliminated more rapidly th ...
... The rate of elimination of the metabolite may be faster or slow er than the rate of formation of the metabolite from the drug. Generally, metabolites such as glucuronide, sulfate, or glycine conjugates are more polar or more w ater soluble than the parent drug and w ill be eliminated more rapidly th ...
Saccades and multisaccadic gaze shifts are gated by different
... here we used only four axes (horizontal, vertical, +45 deg and –45 deg) and one speed (60 deg·s–1) of target motion. To evoke tracking eye movements and to evaluate visual responses of neurons, the target was moved by a servo-controlled motor between the two extremities of the rail (+32 deg to –32 d ...
... here we used only four axes (horizontal, vertical, +45 deg and –45 deg) and one speed (60 deg·s–1) of target motion. To evoke tracking eye movements and to evaluate visual responses of neurons, the target was moved by a servo-controlled motor between the two extremities of the rail (+32 deg to –32 d ...
9. steroid hormones - cmb
... • StAR acts exclusively on the outer mitochondrial membrane to bind cholesterol, and is inactivated when imported into the mitochondria • This process is important in the regulation of steroidogenesis. ...
... • StAR acts exclusively on the outer mitochondrial membrane to bind cholesterol, and is inactivated when imported into the mitochondria • This process is important in the regulation of steroidogenesis. ...
A Critical Review of Secondary Neurodegeneration
... molecular structure that allows it to assume a large variety of configurations within the central nervous system, each of which appears to result in quite distinct biological effects [13,14]. This issue of specificity with respect to configuration state of amyloid-β is not simply academic matter for ...
... molecular structure that allows it to assume a large variety of configurations within the central nervous system, each of which appears to result in quite distinct biological effects [13,14]. This issue of specificity with respect to configuration state of amyloid-β is not simply academic matter for ...
Gustatory Processing in Drosophila Higher Brain Centers By
... information for later use (memory), we must first understand the environmental and behavioral conditions that lead to learning, the molecular and synaptic mechanisms that allow for memory encoding and storage, and the neural circuitry the underlying sensory processing and plasticity. In order to tac ...
... information for later use (memory), we must first understand the environmental and behavioral conditions that lead to learning, the molecular and synaptic mechanisms that allow for memory encoding and storage, and the neural circuitry the underlying sensory processing and plasticity. In order to tac ...
neural representation and the cortical code
... As the initial examples illustrated, in order for a neuronal signal to have meaning for an organism, the signal must have projections that allow it to have a function in the organism’s activities. The function of neurons or neural representations is not just to provide a highly correlated and inform ...
... As the initial examples illustrated, in order for a neuronal signal to have meaning for an organism, the signal must have projections that allow it to have a function in the organism’s activities. The function of neurons or neural representations is not just to provide a highly correlated and inform ...
Knockdown of a Mosquito Odorant-binding Protein Involved in the
... significantly reduced response to skatole (N=10, P<0.05) at all doses tested (Fig. 1d). Likewise, EAG responses to indole by RNAi-treated females were significantly lower than the responses recorded from water-treated female mosquitoes at all doses tested (Fig. 1e). Lastly, we observed an apparent t ...
... significantly reduced response to skatole (N=10, P<0.05) at all doses tested (Fig. 1d). Likewise, EAG responses to indole by RNAi-treated females were significantly lower than the responses recorded from water-treated female mosquitoes at all doses tested (Fig. 1e). Lastly, we observed an apparent t ...
Old and New TB Drugs: Mechanisms of Action and
... Historically, tuberculosis (TB) has been associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and still remains a major global health problem. It is estimated that 2 billion people are latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, resulting in approximately 3 million deaths worldwide per year. ...
... Historically, tuberculosis (TB) has been associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and still remains a major global health problem. It is estimated that 2 billion people are latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, resulting in approximately 3 million deaths worldwide per year. ...
The Central Nervous System
... Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Espasticidad,!!nuevos!conceptos!fisiológicos!y!patofisiológicos
... has)been)proved)that)it)is)not)cholinergic)nor)aminergic)(dopa0 minergic) or) noradrenergic)) substances) (Koelle,) 1954;) Carlsson,) Falck)&)Hillarp,)1962))but)glutamate)(Stone,)1973),)be)the)neu0 rotransmitter) present) in) the) cerebral) cortex) in) larger) concentrations) than) in) any) other) a ...
... has)been)proved)that)it)is)not)cholinergic)nor)aminergic)(dopa0 minergic) or) noradrenergic)) substances) (Koelle,) 1954;) Carlsson,) Falck)&)Hillarp,)1962))but)glutamate)(Stone,)1973),)be)the)neu0 rotransmitter) present) in) the) cerebral) cortex) in) larger) concentrations) than) in) any) other) a ...
Inferior Parietal Lobule Function in Spatial Perception and
... TOPOGRAPHICAL AND SPATIAL-MEMORY DEFICITS. Patients with posterior parietal lesions commonly have an impairment of route-finding ability (32,74, 77, 185, 197). Although spatioperceptual defects undoubtedly contribute to this deficit, topographical memory also VISUAL DISORIENTATION. Patients with vis ...
... TOPOGRAPHICAL AND SPATIAL-MEMORY DEFICITS. Patients with posterior parietal lesions commonly have an impairment of route-finding ability (32,74, 77, 185, 197). Although spatioperceptual defects undoubtedly contribute to this deficit, topographical memory also VISUAL DISORIENTATION. Patients with vis ...
Delayed Puberty but Normal Fertility in Mice With Selective Deletion
... diabetic rats display reproductive abnormalities, which can be ameliorated by central administration of insulin (12-14). In humans, type 1 diabetes also disrupts puberty and reproduction (15, 16). Although insulin was originally thought to be acting directly on GnRH neurons (8, 9, 17, 18), a recent ...
... diabetic rats display reproductive abnormalities, which can be ameliorated by central administration of insulin (12-14). In humans, type 1 diabetes also disrupts puberty and reproduction (15, 16). Although insulin was originally thought to be acting directly on GnRH neurons (8, 9, 17, 18), a recent ...
Encoding and Retrieval of Episodic Memories: Role of Hippocampus
... learning of a single word in a list learning experiment. Note that these are not semantic representations of the word which would be activated in a wide range of different contexts—rather, they code the activation of the semantic representation in a specific episode. As described below, in each regi ...
... learning of a single word in a list learning experiment. Note that these are not semantic representations of the word which would be activated in a wide range of different contexts—rather, they code the activation of the semantic representation in a specific episode. As described below, in each regi ...
Coding Rate and Duration of Vocalizations of the Frog, Xenopus laevis
... so fictive recordings from the two concentrations were pooled and analyzed in one dataset. To assess whether NMDAR blockade alters membrane potential fluctuations in DTAM neurons, we preincubated brains in 50 M DL-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV) (SigmaAldrich) in some experiments. To determ ...
... so fictive recordings from the two concentrations were pooled and analyzed in one dataset. To assess whether NMDAR blockade alters membrane potential fluctuations in DTAM neurons, we preincubated brains in 50 M DL-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV) (SigmaAldrich) in some experiments. To determ ...
Appendix Basics of the Nervous System
... The sympathetic works to increase energy utilization. It is part of the emergency response system of our body. It increases heart rate, breathing and related functions while inhibiting digestion and other systems that impede our emergency responses. The parasympathetic in most cases operates on the ...
... The sympathetic works to increase energy utilization. It is part of the emergency response system of our body. It increases heart rate, breathing and related functions while inhibiting digestion and other systems that impede our emergency responses. The parasympathetic in most cases operates on the ...
Understanding Structural-Functional Relationships in the Human
... SC-FC correlations across the cerebral cortex. For example, Koch and others (2002) compared white matter SC with R-fMRI FC within a single axial slice of the human brain and reported that the regions that are linked by dense SC tend to also be strongly connected functionally. These authors also show ...
... SC-FC correlations across the cerebral cortex. For example, Koch and others (2002) compared white matter SC with R-fMRI FC within a single axial slice of the human brain and reported that the regions that are linked by dense SC tend to also be strongly connected functionally. These authors also show ...
Succinyl-CoA Synthetase Activity Colorimetric Assay Kit
... Malate Colorimetric Assay Kit (K637) Pyruvate Colorimetric /Fluorometric Assay Kit (K609) Citrate Colorimetric/ Fluorometric Assay Kit (K655) Citrate Synthase Activity Colorimetric Assay Kit (K318) Succinate (Succinic Acid) Colorimetric Assay Kit (K649) α-Ketoglutarate Colorimetric/Fluorometric Assa ...
... Malate Colorimetric Assay Kit (K637) Pyruvate Colorimetric /Fluorometric Assay Kit (K609) Citrate Colorimetric/ Fluorometric Assay Kit (K655) Citrate Synthase Activity Colorimetric Assay Kit (K318) Succinate (Succinic Acid) Colorimetric Assay Kit (K649) α-Ketoglutarate Colorimetric/Fluorometric Assa ...
Strain in Protein Structures as Viewed Through Nonrotameric Side
... larger protein structure set and observed that a significant fraction (up to 30%) of particular side-chain types could not be assigned to a rotameric state based on the criterion that rotameric side chains can deviate in each of the 1 and 2 angles by no more than 20° from the closest associated ro ...
... larger protein structure set and observed that a significant fraction (up to 30%) of particular side-chain types could not be assigned to a rotameric state based on the criterion that rotameric side chains can deviate in each of the 1 and 2 angles by no more than 20° from the closest associated ro ...
Serotonin modulates responses to species
... recordings were made. The loudspeaker was either a 1/ 4 inch Brüel & Kjaer (B&K) microphone biased with 200 V DC and driven as a loudspeaker, or a custom made loudspeaker (Schuller 1997). The B&K loudspeaker was flat within ±5 dB from 18 kHz to at least 60 kHz and the custom made loudspeaker was flat ...
... recordings were made. The loudspeaker was either a 1/ 4 inch Brüel & Kjaer (B&K) microphone biased with 200 V DC and driven as a loudspeaker, or a custom made loudspeaker (Schuller 1997). The B&K loudspeaker was flat within ±5 dB from 18 kHz to at least 60 kHz and the custom made loudspeaker was flat ...
Clinical neurochemistry
Clinical neurochemistry is the field of neurological biochemistry which relates biochemical phenomena to clinical symptomatic manifestations in humans. While neurochemistry is mostly associated with the effects of neurotransmitters and similarly-functioning chemicals on neurons themselves, clinical neurochemistry relates these phenomena to system-wide symptoms. Clinical neurochemistry is related to neurogenesis, neuromodulation, neuroplasticity, neuroendocrinology, and neuroimmunology in the context of associating neurological findings at both lower and higher level organismal functions.