identification of central cholinergic neurons containing both choline
... with DFP had no discernible effect on the number, distribution, or staining intensity of ChAT-positive neurons. The findings obtained in the five areas examined in detail are as follows. Caudate putamen. Here, the histochemical stain for AChE showed complete overlap with the immunofluorescence label ...
... with DFP had no discernible effect on the number, distribution, or staining intensity of ChAT-positive neurons. The findings obtained in the five areas examined in detail are as follows. Caudate putamen. Here, the histochemical stain for AChE showed complete overlap with the immunofluorescence label ...
Regulation of Action-Potential Firing in Spiny Neurons of the Rat
... kg 01 ) and xylazine (7 mg kg 01 ) were given by intramuscular injection throughout the experiment to supplement anesthesia and reduce the blood pulsations of the brain. The animals were supported in a stereotaxic unit and suspended by a tail clamp to reduce breathing movements. The animal’s tempera ...
... kg 01 ) and xylazine (7 mg kg 01 ) were given by intramuscular injection throughout the experiment to supplement anesthesia and reduce the blood pulsations of the brain. The animals were supported in a stereotaxic unit and suspended by a tail clamp to reduce breathing movements. The animal’s tempera ...
Regulation of Action-Potential Firing in Spiny Neurons of the Rat
... population of silent spiny neurons in awake behaving animals (Kiyatkin and Rebec 1996). Membrane potential shifts from a hyperpolarized DOWN state to a depolarized UP state appear to be necessary for action-potential firing in striatal neurons (Wilson and Groves 1981; Wilson and Kawaguchi 1996). Sev ...
... population of silent spiny neurons in awake behaving animals (Kiyatkin and Rebec 1996). Membrane potential shifts from a hyperpolarized DOWN state to a depolarized UP state appear to be necessary for action-potential firing in striatal neurons (Wilson and Groves 1981; Wilson and Kawaguchi 1996). Sev ...
The Integrated Nature of Motor Cortical Function
... Fig. 3. Camera lucida drawing of a single biocytin-labeled motor cortical layer V pyramidal neuron, reconstructed from horizontal sections (i.e., viewed from above). Microstimulation at that point elicited a response in the elbow flexor brachialis (Br). Note the extensive axonal arbor studded with ...
... Fig. 3. Camera lucida drawing of a single biocytin-labeled motor cortical layer V pyramidal neuron, reconstructed from horizontal sections (i.e., viewed from above). Microstimulation at that point elicited a response in the elbow flexor brachialis (Br). Note the extensive axonal arbor studded with ...
PDF file
... Abstract— General object recognition in complex backgrounds is still challenging. On one hand, the various backgrounds, where object may appear at different locations, make it difficult to find the object of interest. On the other hand, with the numbers of locations, types and variations in each typ ...
... Abstract— General object recognition in complex backgrounds is still challenging. On one hand, the various backgrounds, where object may appear at different locations, make it difficult to find the object of interest. On the other hand, with the numbers of locations, types and variations in each typ ...
Age-Related Uptake of Heavy Metals in Human Spinal Interneurons
... central nervous system in diseases such as ALS/MND, but judging if a patient died with, or from, a toxicant is a challenge. The toxicant could have entered the nervous system years before the disease become clinically apparent and could no longer be detectable at the time of post mortem examination. ...
... central nervous system in diseases such as ALS/MND, but judging if a patient died with, or from, a toxicant is a challenge. The toxicant could have entered the nervous system years before the disease become clinically apparent and could no longer be detectable at the time of post mortem examination. ...
Variance and invariance of neuronal long
... and potentially drifting single-cell responses that are ‘averaged out’ over a large number of neurons, causing overall robust circuit performance [16] (figure 1). In order to distinguish between these alternatives, the activity of the same individual cells and cell populations has to be followed ove ...
... and potentially drifting single-cell responses that are ‘averaged out’ over a large number of neurons, causing overall robust circuit performance [16] (figure 1). In order to distinguish between these alternatives, the activity of the same individual cells and cell populations has to be followed ove ...
LAB: Nerve Reflexes
... uses one sensory and one motor neuron (for example, the patellar or knee-jerk reflex). Most reflexes are polysynaptical (involving more than two neurons) and involve the activity of interneurons in the integration center. In these more complicated reflexes, impulses may travel up, down, and transver ...
... uses one sensory and one motor neuron (for example, the patellar or knee-jerk reflex). Most reflexes are polysynaptical (involving more than two neurons) and involve the activity of interneurons in the integration center. In these more complicated reflexes, impulses may travel up, down, and transver ...
Single-trial decoding of intended eye movement goals from lateral
... target locations and calculating MI for 1,000 different shuffles. We labeled neurons as having significant target location information within an epoch if the MI was greater than 99% of the null values for that epoch. Neurons with significant MI during the baseline epoch were excluded from further ne ...
... target locations and calculating MI for 1,000 different shuffles. We labeled neurons as having significant target location information within an epoch if the MI was greater than 99% of the null values for that epoch. Neurons with significant MI during the baseline epoch were excluded from further ne ...
Impaired odour discrimination on desynchronization of odour
... olfactory bulb—has indicated that both monomolecular and complex odours are represented there combinatorially by dynamical assemblies of projection neurons5,9–11. Each neuron in an odourcoding assembly responds with an odour-specific temporal firing pattern consisting of periods of activity and sile ...
... olfactory bulb—has indicated that both monomolecular and complex odours are represented there combinatorially by dynamical assemblies of projection neurons5,9–11. Each neuron in an odourcoding assembly responds with an odour-specific temporal firing pattern consisting of periods of activity and sile ...
Prefrontal Neurons Coding Suppression of Specific Saccades
... tients with frontal lobe damage. Despite the clinical importance of suppression, most studies of the frontal lobe (e.g., Hasegawa et al., 1998, 2000a, 2004) in monkeys have dealt with the generation of movement rather than its suppression. The saccadic system provides an excellent model for the supp ...
... tients with frontal lobe damage. Despite the clinical importance of suppression, most studies of the frontal lobe (e.g., Hasegawa et al., 1998, 2000a, 2004) in monkeys have dealt with the generation of movement rather than its suppression. The saccadic system provides an excellent model for the supp ...
The LIM and POU homeobox genes ttx-3 and unc
... On a mechanistic level, ttx-3 operates in a distinct manner in the AIA versus AIY neurons since it operates with distinct co-factors and through distinct cis-regulatory elements. The co-factor of ttx-3 in AIY, the ceh-10 homeobox gene (Altun-Gultekin et al., 2001), is not expressed in AIA neurons, a ...
... On a mechanistic level, ttx-3 operates in a distinct manner in the AIA versus AIY neurons since it operates with distinct co-factors and through distinct cis-regulatory elements. The co-factor of ttx-3 in AIY, the ceh-10 homeobox gene (Altun-Gultekin et al., 2001), is not expressed in AIA neurons, a ...
Optimal Sizes of Dendritic and Axonal Arbors
... 3.2 Other factors affecting arbor sizes One may argue that dendrites and axons have functions other than linking cell bodies to synapses and, therefore, the size of the arbors may be dictated by other considerations. Although I can not rule out this possibility, the primary function ofaxons and dend ...
... 3.2 Other factors affecting arbor sizes One may argue that dendrites and axons have functions other than linking cell bodies to synapses and, therefore, the size of the arbors may be dictated by other considerations. Although I can not rule out this possibility, the primary function ofaxons and dend ...
Chapter 13: The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes
... - The lumbar plexus includes ventral rami of spinal nerves T12-L4. - The major nerves of the lumbar plexus include the genitofemoral nerve, the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, and the femoral nerve. - The sacral plexus includes ventral rami of spinal nerves L4-S4. - The major nerves of the sacral p ...
... - The lumbar plexus includes ventral rami of spinal nerves T12-L4. - The major nerves of the lumbar plexus include the genitofemoral nerve, the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, and the femoral nerve. - The sacral plexus includes ventral rami of spinal nerves L4-S4. - The major nerves of the sacral p ...
Read as PDF
... preparations. In sectioned material, axons from the somata of the medium-sized cells were seen to enter the neuropil and run posteromedially toward the cerebral commissure (Fig. 6). One-to-two small 5-HT-IR somata (70–80 µm) near the medium cells in the rhinophore lobe were seen in sectioned materia ...
... preparations. In sectioned material, axons from the somata of the medium-sized cells were seen to enter the neuropil and run posteromedially toward the cerebral commissure (Fig. 6). One-to-two small 5-HT-IR somata (70–80 µm) near the medium cells in the rhinophore lobe were seen in sectioned materia ...
Slide 1
... (listed on the left). The network is represented as a diagram of three neuronal systems (aminergic, reticular, and sensorimotor) that mediate REM sleep phenomena (depicted in tracings on the right). Postulated inhibitory connections are shown as red circles; postulated excitatory connections as gree ...
... (listed on the left). The network is represented as a diagram of three neuronal systems (aminergic, reticular, and sensorimotor) that mediate REM sleep phenomena (depicted in tracings on the right). Postulated inhibitory connections are shown as red circles; postulated excitatory connections as gree ...
An Introduction to the ANS and Higher
... • Parasympathetic Division • Preganglionic fibers originate in brain stem and sacral segments of spinal cord; craniosacral • Synapse in ganglia close to (or within) target organs • Preganglionic fibers are long • Postganglionic fibers are short • Parasympathetic division stimulates visceral activity ...
... • Parasympathetic Division • Preganglionic fibers originate in brain stem and sacral segments of spinal cord; craniosacral • Synapse in ganglia close to (or within) target organs • Preganglionic fibers are long • Postganglionic fibers are short • Parasympathetic division stimulates visceral activity ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... The somatic nervous system regulates body activities that are under conscious control, such as the movement of skeletal muscles. Most of the time you have control over skeletal muscle movement, but when your body is in danger the central nervous system may take over. ...
... The somatic nervous system regulates body activities that are under conscious control, such as the movement of skeletal muscles. Most of the time you have control over skeletal muscle movement, but when your body is in danger the central nervous system may take over. ...
Extended PDF
... of the developing neocortex are the progenitors that produce nearly all excitatory neurons (Kriegstein and Alvarez-Buylla, 2009). Prior to neurogenesis, radial glial progenitors (RGPs) divide symmetrically to amplify the progenitor pool. During the neurogenic phase, RGPs are believed to divide asymm ...
... of the developing neocortex are the progenitors that produce nearly all excitatory neurons (Kriegstein and Alvarez-Buylla, 2009). Prior to neurogenesis, radial glial progenitors (RGPs) divide symmetrically to amplify the progenitor pool. During the neurogenic phase, RGPs are believed to divide asymm ...
muscle spindle - KIN450
... coding. The muscle spindle has a facilitator effect meaning it leads to excitation of the alpha motor neurons and contraction of the muscle. Finally, the firing of the muscle spindle depends on its sensory adaptations. The spindle consists of afferents that have mono-synaptic connections with alpha ...
... coding. The muscle spindle has a facilitator effect meaning it leads to excitation of the alpha motor neurons and contraction of the muscle. Finally, the firing of the muscle spindle depends on its sensory adaptations. The spindle consists of afferents that have mono-synaptic connections with alpha ...
Synaptic and extrasynaptic traces of long-term memory
... 2014). Since a large class of surprising events is distinguished by nothing more than spike coincidence and repetition, these receptor systems make for highly effective surprise detectors. In general, it can be said that the role of surprising events in the brain, originally postulated on purely the ...
... 2014). Since a large class of surprising events is distinguished by nothing more than spike coincidence and repetition, these receptor systems make for highly effective surprise detectors. In general, it can be said that the role of surprising events in the brain, originally postulated on purely the ...
An ultra small array of electrodes for stimulating multiple
... Both local bipolar stimuli and monopolar stimuli with a remote ground were used. The most reliable stimuli and fastest artifacts came from local bipolar stimuli. Stimulus artifacts from a 200 s stimulus were fast and settled >90% in <1.5 ms. When responses could be elicited, differences in performa ...
... Both local bipolar stimuli and monopolar stimuli with a remote ground were used. The most reliable stimuli and fastest artifacts came from local bipolar stimuli. Stimulus artifacts from a 200 s stimulus were fast and settled >90% in <1.5 ms. When responses could be elicited, differences in performa ...
Dorsal spinal cord stimulation obtunds the capacity of intrathoracic
... was recorded as gentle mechanical stimuli (delivered by a saline soaked cotton applicator) were applied for 2-3 seconds to various loci on the ventral and ventro-lateral surface of the left ventricle. It is known that most middle cervical ganglion neurons that transduce the ventricular mechanical mi ...
... was recorded as gentle mechanical stimuli (delivered by a saline soaked cotton applicator) were applied for 2-3 seconds to various loci on the ventral and ventro-lateral surface of the left ventricle. It is known that most middle cervical ganglion neurons that transduce the ventricular mechanical mi ...
The role of temporal parameters in a thalamocortical model of analogy
... Active parts of the circuit at each step are highlighted. (a) Initially, only T receives an afferent sensory input. (b) T invokes R and C . (c) The cortical neuron C , through fast connections, invokes another cortical neuron C . C also sends out feedback to R and T , but these connections are slow ...
... Active parts of the circuit at each step are highlighted. (a) Initially, only T receives an afferent sensory input. (b) T invokes R and C . (c) The cortical neuron C , through fast connections, invokes another cortical neuron C . C also sends out feedback to R and T , but these connections are slow ...
Mapping of second order olfactory neurons and ventral
... different species, in particular the olfactory pathways. Due to their highly specialized ability of detecting air-born molecules over long distances, plus an accessible nervous system, noctuid moths have served as favorable model organisms for exploring basic neural principles underlying chemosensor ...
... different species, in particular the olfactory pathways. Due to their highly specialized ability of detecting air-born molecules over long distances, plus an accessible nervous system, noctuid moths have served as favorable model organisms for exploring basic neural principles underlying chemosensor ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.