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Viewpoint - Columbia University
... explains why even neurons that are not part of the same local network should have a common crossing time. But first, we examine the data for evidence of this one-dimensional dynamics. Figure 2. Concept of One-Dimensional Dynamics An example of firing-rate space for N = 2 neurons. Visual (V), delay ( ...
... explains why even neurons that are not part of the same local network should have a common crossing time. But first, we examine the data for evidence of this one-dimensional dynamics. Figure 2. Concept of One-Dimensional Dynamics An example of firing-rate space for N = 2 neurons. Visual (V), delay ( ...
Two Types of Neurons in the Primate Globus
... from the eyes, and subtended visual angle of 64 × 44°. A 0.5° square spot served as a visual stimulus. Targets of different colors (white, red, green, and blue) were used for different means in each trial (see below). Experiments were carried out in a darkened booth. Voltages proportional to horizon ...
... from the eyes, and subtended visual angle of 64 × 44°. A 0.5° square spot served as a visual stimulus. Targets of different colors (white, red, green, and blue) were used for different means in each trial (see below). Experiments were carried out in a darkened booth. Voltages proportional to horizon ...
decision-making in the primate brain
... were maximal early on each trial but diminished after the rewarded target had been cued. The information encoded by LIP neurons thus appeared to track the monkey’s running estimate of the expected value of a particular movement, which was maximal once that movement was cued (Glimcher 2002). These ex ...
... were maximal early on each trial but diminished after the rewarded target had been cued. The information encoded by LIP neurons thus appeared to track the monkey’s running estimate of the expected value of a particular movement, which was maximal once that movement was cued (Glimcher 2002). These ex ...
Definition of Neuronal Circuitry Controlling the Activity of Phrenic
... administered through a face mask to maintain areflexia. In cases in which the diaphragm was injected with PRV, a midline incision was made through the linea alba, and the ventral surface of the left diaphragm was exposed by retracting the viscera. PRV-Bablu was injected beneath the peritoneal lining ...
... administered through a face mask to maintain areflexia. In cases in which the diaphragm was injected with PRV, a midline incision was made through the linea alba, and the ventral surface of the left diaphragm was exposed by retracting the viscera. PRV-Bablu was injected beneath the peritoneal lining ...
Untitled
... glutamate, allowed bimodal control of neuronal membrane potential with subcellular resolution using optically independent 2P uncaging of each neurotransmitter. We used two-color, 2P uncaging to fire and block action potentials from rat hippocampal CA 1 neurons in brain slices with 720-nm and 830-nm ...
... glutamate, allowed bimodal control of neuronal membrane potential with subcellular resolution using optically independent 2P uncaging of each neurotransmitter. We used two-color, 2P uncaging to fire and block action potentials from rat hippocampal CA 1 neurons in brain slices with 720-nm and 830-nm ...
kwanPNAS08
... are generated sequentially so that early-born neurons occupy the deep layers and later-born neurons migrate past older neurons to settle in more superficial layers. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the laminar position and identity of projection neurons are being unraveled (3, 7). Previous stu ...
... are generated sequentially so that early-born neurons occupy the deep layers and later-born neurons migrate past older neurons to settle in more superficial layers. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the laminar position and identity of projection neurons are being unraveled (3, 7). Previous stu ...
The role of temporal parameters in a thalamocortical model of analogy
... form of analogical function (analogy hypothesis [27], [28]). In this sense, the analogy hypothesis does not attempt to replace the previous theories of thalamic function such as attention and prediction (as previously shown), but instead provides insights into the nature of such attention and predic ...
... form of analogical function (analogy hypothesis [27], [28]). In this sense, the analogy hypothesis does not attempt to replace the previous theories of thalamic function such as attention and prediction (as previously shown), but instead provides insights into the nature of such attention and predic ...
Dopamine
... DA release via an action on other local systems, such as those producing NO. NO is known to be released from striatal interneurons containing the enzyme NOS, and exert actions on neuronal elements in the vicinity of the release site. Infusion of NOS substrates or NO generator compounds was found to ...
... DA release via an action on other local systems, such as those producing NO. NO is known to be released from striatal interneurons containing the enzyme NOS, and exert actions on neuronal elements in the vicinity of the release site. Infusion of NOS substrates or NO generator compounds was found to ...
Changes in Prefrontal Neuronal Activity after
... Data were collected from 3 monkeys that had no prior training on any laboratory task. During the initial phase of data collection, the subjects were required only to maintain fixation, while stimuli were presented on a screen. A trial consisted of the sequential presentation of 2 visual stimuli separ ...
... Data were collected from 3 monkeys that had no prior training on any laboratory task. During the initial phase of data collection, the subjects were required only to maintain fixation, while stimuli were presented on a screen. A trial consisted of the sequential presentation of 2 visual stimuli separ ...
Lema and Nevitt, 2004a
... LSD, P < 0:0001), while there was no difference between sexes in Big Spring fish (P ¼ 0:079). When comparing between populations, Amargosa River males (P < 0:0001) and females (P ¼ 0:007) both had larger parvocellular neurons than same sex fish from the Big Spring population. These population and sex d ...
... LSD, P < 0:0001), while there was no difference between sexes in Big Spring fish (P ¼ 0:079). When comparing between populations, Amargosa River males (P < 0:0001) and females (P ¼ 0:007) both had larger parvocellular neurons than same sex fish from the Big Spring population. These population and sex d ...
Neural Correlates for Perception of 3D Surface Orientation from
... disparity signals have been found in the parietal (11, 12) and temporal (13, 14) association cortices. However, binocular disparity is not the only cue for depth perception, because we can perceive depth even with one eye closed. Gibson (15) has proposed that texture gradient is an important cue for ...
... disparity signals have been found in the parietal (11, 12) and temporal (13, 14) association cortices. However, binocular disparity is not the only cue for depth perception, because we can perceive depth even with one eye closed. Gibson (15) has proposed that texture gradient is an important cue for ...
Morphological and Functional Types of Neurons
... Center. We thank Ms. Bertha McClure for technical assistance. ...
... Center. We thank Ms. Bertha McClure for technical assistance. ...
identification of central cholinergic neurons containing both choline
... The coverslips were then carefully removed, and the sections were processed for AChE histochemistry using the thiocholine procedure (Lewis and Shute, 1969). They were subsequently dehydrated and coverslipped, and the same selected areas were rephotographed with Zeiss brightfield optics. For all regi ...
... The coverslips were then carefully removed, and the sections were processed for AChE histochemistry using the thiocholine procedure (Lewis and Shute, 1969). They were subsequently dehydrated and coverslipped, and the same selected areas were rephotographed with Zeiss brightfield optics. For all regi ...
The concept of a reflex
... Here's how the system works: something impinges on the transducer, which causes the afferent fiber of the pseudo-unipolar sensory neuron to fire. That signal is transmitted via its efferent fiber into the CNS, specifically into a synapse with an interconnector neuron in the dorsal horn of the gray H ...
... Here's how the system works: something impinges on the transducer, which causes the afferent fiber of the pseudo-unipolar sensory neuron to fire. That signal is transmitted via its efferent fiber into the CNS, specifically into a synapse with an interconnector neuron in the dorsal horn of the gray H ...
Telencephalon
... output to the GPi, increasing inhibitory output of GPi to thalamus and brainstem. ...
... output to the GPi, increasing inhibitory output of GPi to thalamus and brainstem. ...
serotonergic modulation of swimming speed in the pteropod mollusc
... In non-swimming preparations, induced bursting in Cr-SP neurons was able to initiate swimming provided that the spike burst included more than four or five action potentials (based on experimental firing rates of approximately 20 Hz; Fig. 5B). In swimming preparations, spike bursts in Cr-SP neurons ...
... In non-swimming preparations, induced bursting in Cr-SP neurons was able to initiate swimming provided that the spike burst included more than four or five action potentials (based on experimental firing rates of approximately 20 Hz; Fig. 5B). In swimming preparations, spike bursts in Cr-SP neurons ...
An Integrate-and-fire Model of Prefrontal Cortex Neuronal Activity during Performance of Goal-directed
... how populations of spiking neurons could mediate goal-directed behavior. In particular, we demonstrate how representations of specific motor actions can be used for goal-directed behavior in multiple different circumstances, dependent upon the context of specific sensory stimuli. This modeling effecti ...
... how populations of spiking neurons could mediate goal-directed behavior. In particular, we demonstrate how representations of specific motor actions can be used for goal-directed behavior in multiple different circumstances, dependent upon the context of specific sensory stimuli. This modeling effecti ...
Survival of cultured hippocampal neurons upon hypoxia
... of postsynaptic voltage-dependent Ca2+ currents has been reported for some of antiepileptic drugs, including GBP [21,22]. The results of our study indicate that none of the three used concentrations of GBP exerted a toxic effect per se on cultured neurons. After 24-hour incubation of hippo- ...
... of postsynaptic voltage-dependent Ca2+ currents has been reported for some of antiepileptic drugs, including GBP [21,22]. The results of our study indicate that none of the three used concentrations of GBP exerted a toxic effect per se on cultured neurons. After 24-hour incubation of hippo- ...
Cortex Brainstem Spinal Cord Thalamus Cerebellum Basal Ganglia
... There are numerous reflexes that are mediated by local spinal cord circuitry. Clinically, the most important of these is the stretch reflex. Type Ia afferents from the muscle spindle constitute the afferent limb of the response. Fibers from these neurons synapse directly on motor neurons innervating ...
... There are numerous reflexes that are mediated by local spinal cord circuitry. Clinically, the most important of these is the stretch reflex. Type Ia afferents from the muscle spindle constitute the afferent limb of the response. Fibers from these neurons synapse directly on motor neurons innervating ...
Learning receptive fields using predictive feedback
... feedforward–feedback design is characteristic of many sensory areas (Felleman and Van Essen, 1991). This suggests that predictive feedback might be a general mechanism by which neuronal tuning properties are formed. In this paper, we use the predictive coding framework to explain receptive field prop ...
... feedforward–feedback design is characteristic of many sensory areas (Felleman and Van Essen, 1991). This suggests that predictive feedback might be a general mechanism by which neuronal tuning properties are formed. In this paper, we use the predictive coding framework to explain receptive field prop ...
Context Dependency in the Globus Pallidus Internal Segment
... to the fixation target were unrewarded. Data were collected continuously over 10 –12 min intervals. For each neuron, data from successful trials were grouped according to the instructed target. Rasters and cumulative histograms were generated by aligning neuronal discharge with respect to the time o ...
... to the fixation target were unrewarded. Data were collected continuously over 10 –12 min intervals. For each neuron, data from successful trials were grouped according to the instructed target. Rasters and cumulative histograms were generated by aligning neuronal discharge with respect to the time o ...