Neural Control of Breathing (By Mohit Chhabra)
... The Ventral respiratory group of neurons is found in the nucleus ambiguus rostrally and the nucleus retroambiguus caudally. The VRG contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons. The neurons of the ventral respiratory group remain almost totally inactive during normal quiet respiration. The VRG i ...
... The Ventral respiratory group of neurons is found in the nucleus ambiguus rostrally and the nucleus retroambiguus caudally. The VRG contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons. The neurons of the ventral respiratory group remain almost totally inactive during normal quiet respiration. The VRG i ...
How is the stimulus represented in the nervous system?
... previous example. Neurons also code aspects of the stimulus by changing the overall temporal patterns of response. Neurons in auditory cortex show different patterns of response depending on sound source direction. ...
... previous example. Neurons also code aspects of the stimulus by changing the overall temporal patterns of response. Neurons in auditory cortex show different patterns of response depending on sound source direction. ...
Synaptic inhibition is caused by:
... b. node of Ranvier c. vesicles d. post-synaptic membrane e. cleft (gap) ...
... b. node of Ranvier c. vesicles d. post-synaptic membrane e. cleft (gap) ...
Modulation of Synaptic Transmission to Second
... The caudal nucleus tractus solitarius (cNTS), where peripheral chemoreceptor afferents and other visceral afferents make their first central synapses (Mifflin, 1992), has intense anatomical connections with central noradrenergic neural structures (Loewy, 1990). The cNTS also contains noradrenergic n ...
... The caudal nucleus tractus solitarius (cNTS), where peripheral chemoreceptor afferents and other visceral afferents make their first central synapses (Mifflin, 1992), has intense anatomical connections with central noradrenergic neural structures (Loewy, 1990). The cNTS also contains noradrenergic n ...
The fate of Nissl-stained dark neurons following
... Similarly, in the Weld of traumatic brain injury (TBI), dark neurons have been observed as one kind of feature of damaged neurons. The regions where dark neurons appear at a high rate after TBI, such as neocortex, CA3 subWeld and dentate hilus, coincide with the regions where subsequent neuronal dea ...
... Similarly, in the Weld of traumatic brain injury (TBI), dark neurons have been observed as one kind of feature of damaged neurons. The regions where dark neurons appear at a high rate after TBI, such as neocortex, CA3 subWeld and dentate hilus, coincide with the regions where subsequent neuronal dea ...
Tolerance to Sound Intensity of Binaural
... All data were obtained with a “loose patch” technique, which permitted well isolated and stable extracellular recordings (Fig. 1). This is an important technical advance in the study of NL, because isolation of single neurons is very difficult to obtain, presumably because of the sparsely distribute ...
... All data were obtained with a “loose patch” technique, which permitted well isolated and stable extracellular recordings (Fig. 1). This is an important technical advance in the study of NL, because isolation of single neurons is very difficult to obtain, presumably because of the sparsely distribute ...
Report - Ben Hayden
... monkey N and 26 in monkey B; data from 42 of these was analyzed in McCoy and Platt [2005]). Figure 2A shows the response of a single neuron on trials in which the monkey chose the risky option and received a large reward (dark gray line) or the small reward (black line). Responses are aligned to rew ...
... monkey N and 26 in monkey B; data from 42 of these was analyzed in McCoy and Platt [2005]). Figure 2A shows the response of a single neuron on trials in which the monkey chose the risky option and received a large reward (dark gray line) or the small reward (black line). Responses are aligned to rew ...
Oscillatory Neural Fields for Globally Optimal Path Planning
... The proposed neural network consists of M N neurons arranged as a 2-d sheet called a "neural field". The neurons are put in a one-to-one correspondence with the ordered pairs, (i, j) where i = 1, ... , Nand j = 1, ... , M. The ordered pair (i, j) will sometimes be called the (i, j)th neuron's "label ...
... The proposed neural network consists of M N neurons arranged as a 2-d sheet called a "neural field". The neurons are put in a one-to-one correspondence with the ordered pairs, (i, j) where i = 1, ... , Nand j = 1, ... , M. The ordered pair (i, j) will sometimes be called the (i, j)th neuron's "label ...
Direct and Indirect Activation of Cortical Neurons by Electrical
... Several investigators have used behavioral methods to estimate how far current activates neural tissue mediating behaviors such as eating (Olds 1958), self-stimulation (Fouriezos and Wise 1984; Milner and Lafarriere 1986; Wise 1972), and lateral head and body movements (Yeomans et al. 1986). These e ...
... Several investigators have used behavioral methods to estimate how far current activates neural tissue mediating behaviors such as eating (Olds 1958), self-stimulation (Fouriezos and Wise 1984; Milner and Lafarriere 1986; Wise 1972), and lateral head and body movements (Yeomans et al. 1986). These e ...
MS Word Version - Interactive Physiology
... 11. In general, the longest axons are associated with the largest cell bodies. 12. Left side of page from top to bottom: axon hillock, axon collaterals. Right side of page: axon terminals. 13. a. axon hillock b. axon collaterals c. axon terminals 14. The action potential is generated at the axon hil ...
... 11. In general, the longest axons are associated with the largest cell bodies. 12. Left side of page from top to bottom: axon hillock, axon collaterals. Right side of page: axon terminals. 13. a. axon hillock b. axon collaterals c. axon terminals 14. The action potential is generated at the axon hil ...
Anatomy Review - Interactive Physiology
... 11. (Page 8.) What is the relationship between the length of an axon and the size of its cell body? 12. (Page 9.) Label the diagram on p. 9. 13. (Page 9.) What terms are used for the following? a. The region of the cell body that the axon arises from. b. Branches of axons. c. Profuse branches at th ...
... 11. (Page 8.) What is the relationship between the length of an axon and the size of its cell body? 12. (Page 9.) Label the diagram on p. 9. 13. (Page 9.) What terms are used for the following? a. The region of the cell body that the axon arises from. b. Branches of axons. c. Profuse branches at th ...
ANS notes filled
... Sympathetic division of the ANS has its preganglionic somas in the... thoracolumbar regions of the cord helps body respond to stress This division of the ANS is called the “fight or flight’ division. If the body is under some threat or stress, the sympathetic stimulation goes up. This causes an incr ...
... Sympathetic division of the ANS has its preganglionic somas in the... thoracolumbar regions of the cord helps body respond to stress This division of the ANS is called the “fight or flight’ division. If the body is under some threat or stress, the sympathetic stimulation goes up. This causes an incr ...
Cell type-specific pharmacology of NMDA receptors using masked
... regulation of synaptic functions in the central nervous system, such as synaptic plasticity (Malenka and Nicoll, 1993; Collingridge et al., 2004). NMDA-R dependent synaptic plasticity plays an important role in learning. This includes learning that can also have maladaptive consequences, for example ...
... regulation of synaptic functions in the central nervous system, such as synaptic plasticity (Malenka and Nicoll, 1993; Collingridge et al., 2004). NMDA-R dependent synaptic plasticity plays an important role in learning. This includes learning that can also have maladaptive consequences, for example ...
Neuronal Competition and Selection During Memory Formation
... (16), Aplysia (17), rats (18, 19), and hamsters (20). Furthermore, the probability of detecting Arc+ nuclei was higher by a factor of ∼3 in neurons with CREBWT vector (65.8 ± 5.0%) than in neighboring neurons (21.9 ± 4.2%) (Fig. 3A and fig. S3), similar to the distribution of Arc observed in wild-ty ...
... (16), Aplysia (17), rats (18, 19), and hamsters (20). Furthermore, the probability of detecting Arc+ nuclei was higher by a factor of ∼3 in neurons with CREBWT vector (65.8 ± 5.0%) than in neighboring neurons (21.9 ± 4.2%) (Fig. 3A and fig. S3), similar to the distribution of Arc observed in wild-ty ...
make motor neuron posters now
... 3. In the occipital lobes: analysis of visual patterns and recognition. 4. The WERNICKE’S AREA, where the parietal, temporal, and occipital association areas join, plays the primary role in complex thought processes ...
... 3. In the occipital lobes: analysis of visual patterns and recognition. 4. The WERNICKE’S AREA, where the parietal, temporal, and occipital association areas join, plays the primary role in complex thought processes ...
The role of mirror neurons in speech perception and
... the role of mirror neurons in speech/language processes. For more detailed discussion see (Hickok, 2009a). Mirror neurons, which fire both during action execution (e.g., grasping) and during action observation, were originally discovered in area F5 of the macaque monkey (di Pellegrino et al., 1992; ...
... the role of mirror neurons in speech/language processes. For more detailed discussion see (Hickok, 2009a). Mirror neurons, which fire both during action execution (e.g., grasping) and during action observation, were originally discovered in area F5 of the macaque monkey (di Pellegrino et al., 1992; ...
A visual processing task: Retina and V1
... The Hubel and Wiesel experiments saw a clear response of the simple cells to a bar. But is this all that the cell does? How well does a bigger bar work, how about a ’T’-shape instead of a bar? This raises the general question: how to measure the receptive field of a cell without biasing the result, ...
... The Hubel and Wiesel experiments saw a clear response of the simple cells to a bar. But is this all that the cell does? How well does a bigger bar work, how about a ’T’-shape instead of a bar? This raises the general question: how to measure the receptive field of a cell without biasing the result, ...
The Inferior Parietal Lobule Is the Target of Output from the Superior
... is extensively interconnected with the frontal eye field (FEF), as well as with other visual cortical areas, and projects heavily to the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (Barbas and Mesulam, 1981; Lynch et al., 1985; Andersen et al., 1990). Another subregion of IPL, area 7b, is prefere ...
... is extensively interconnected with the frontal eye field (FEF), as well as with other visual cortical areas, and projects heavily to the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (Barbas and Mesulam, 1981; Lynch et al., 1985; Andersen et al., 1990). Another subregion of IPL, area 7b, is prefere ...
PDF - Molecules and Cells
... testing an additional RNAi line (CG3542-IR2) and observed a similar effect on egg-laying (Fig. 2D). This suggests CG3542 is important for the function of ppk neurons, especially the subset of the ppk neurons that direct post-mating changes in egglaying. CG3542 encodes a protein predicted to regulate ...
... testing an additional RNAi line (CG3542-IR2) and observed a similar effect on egg-laying (Fig. 2D). This suggests CG3542 is important for the function of ppk neurons, especially the subset of the ppk neurons that direct post-mating changes in egglaying. CG3542 encodes a protein predicted to regulate ...
On the Role of the Pontine Brainstem in Vocal Pattern Generation: A
... pair of electrodes was implanted at a new position. Neuronal activity was recorded during all call types uttered. Quantitative data analysis was done for two highly frequency-modulated call types with a rhythmical character (trill, cackle), a high-pitched (peep), and a low-pitched nonrhythmic call ( ...
... pair of electrodes was implanted at a new position. Neuronal activity was recorded during all call types uttered. Quantitative data analysis was done for two highly frequency-modulated call types with a rhythmical character (trill, cackle), a high-pitched (peep), and a low-pitched nonrhythmic call ( ...
ReflexArcLabBackgroundNotes
... Looking at this sequence of steps, this is what happens when something sharp touches you on your hand: The stimulus is touch, your pain receptor is the sensor that senses it and relays it to the nervous system (spinal cord and brain) which is the coordinator. The coordinator makes the decision of ho ...
... Looking at this sequence of steps, this is what happens when something sharp touches you on your hand: The stimulus is touch, your pain receptor is the sensor that senses it and relays it to the nervous system (spinal cord and brain) which is the coordinator. The coordinator makes the decision of ho ...
Neuronal circuitries involved in thermoregulation
... cortex (Barker and Carpenter, 1970). Despite numerous single-unit studies in the 1960s and after then (Boulant, 1980; Nakayama, 1985; Hori, 1991), the neurons playing a role in thermoregulation have not been clearly indentified. On the other hand, to explain signal processing for thermoregulation in ...
... cortex (Barker and Carpenter, 1970). Despite numerous single-unit studies in the 1960s and after then (Boulant, 1980; Nakayama, 1985; Hori, 1991), the neurons playing a role in thermoregulation have not been clearly indentified. On the other hand, to explain signal processing for thermoregulation in ...
Parallel Evolution of Cortical Areas Involved in Skilled Hand Use
... The cortex on the postcentral gyrus and within the intraparietal sulcus of the cebus was mapped in detail using electrophysiological methods. Our primary goal was to examine the organization of the cortex in the expected location of cortical fields 2 and 5. The organization of areas 3b and 1 have be ...
... The cortex on the postcentral gyrus and within the intraparietal sulcus of the cebus was mapped in detail using electrophysiological methods. Our primary goal was to examine the organization of the cortex in the expected location of cortical fields 2 and 5. The organization of areas 3b and 1 have be ...