learning motor skills by imitation: a biologically inspired robotic model
... actions. It remains to be shown that mirror neurons exist for other movements than that of the arms and hands and that they exist in animals capable of true imitation (which is not the case with monkeys (Moore, 1996; Whiten & Ham, 1992)). Note that recent studies in humans measured an increased acti ...
... actions. It remains to be shown that mirror neurons exist for other movements than that of the arms and hands and that they exist in animals capable of true imitation (which is not the case with monkeys (Moore, 1996; Whiten & Ham, 1992)). Note that recent studies in humans measured an increased acti ...
Axons break in animals lacking β-spectrin
... The proximal end has initiated a new growth cone (open arrowhead). At 48 h, the secondary growth has reached the dorsal cord, albeit by an aberrant posterior route (open arrowheads). (The new dorsal and posterior neuron is DVB [asterisks], which arises postembryonically and sends an axon ventrally t ...
... The proximal end has initiated a new growth cone (open arrowhead). At 48 h, the secondary growth has reached the dorsal cord, albeit by an aberrant posterior route (open arrowheads). (The new dorsal and posterior neuron is DVB [asterisks], which arises postembryonically and sends an axon ventrally t ...
Number and Laminar Distribution of Neurons in a
... the number of neurons in such a projection column. Together with the data on TC projections, these numbers are then used to compute the average TC innervation of excitatory neurons in a cortical column as presented in the subsequent article (Meyer et al. 2010). The number of neurons in a cortical co ...
... the number of neurons in such a projection column. Together with the data on TC projections, these numbers are then used to compute the average TC innervation of excitatory neurons in a cortical column as presented in the subsequent article (Meyer et al. 2010). The number of neurons in a cortical co ...
Neurotransmitter Profile of Saccadic Omnipause Neurons in
... was compared to that of a previous monkey, which had received a similar WGA-HRP injection (0.4 ~1, 2.5%) into the riMLF. In situ hybridization for GAD mRNA In situ hybridization was performed to visualize the mRNA encoding the GABA-synthesizing enzyme GAD. One macaque monkey was killed with an overd ...
... was compared to that of a previous monkey, which had received a similar WGA-HRP injection (0.4 ~1, 2.5%) into the riMLF. In situ hybridization for GAD mRNA In situ hybridization was performed to visualize the mRNA encoding the GABA-synthesizing enzyme GAD. One macaque monkey was killed with an overd ...
Chapter 2: Communication Within the Nervous System
... from the history department, could have the deeper understanding that comes from a biological perspective as they take other courses in psychology. It is not enough to draw students in with lively writing or by piquing their interest with case studies and telling an occasional story along the way; u ...
... from the history department, could have the deeper understanding that comes from a biological perspective as they take other courses in psychology. It is not enough to draw students in with lively writing or by piquing their interest with case studies and telling an occasional story along the way; u ...
What does the eye tell the brain? Development of a system for the large-scale recording of retinal output activity
... middle temporal (MT) neuron—a member of a neuron class in the middle temporal region of the visual cortex. This class is thought to play a key role in the perception of motion. Fig. 3(a) symbolically represents the traditional method used by neurobiologists to probe the retina: a single microelectro ...
... middle temporal (MT) neuron—a member of a neuron class in the middle temporal region of the visual cortex. This class is thought to play a key role in the perception of motion. Fig. 3(a) symbolically represents the traditional method used by neurobiologists to probe the retina: a single microelectro ...
Computational physics: Neural networks
... mann Machines [9]. We will study important properties of such networks such as transients, equilibrium, ergodicity and periodicity in section 2.3. An exact description of transient and stationary behavior for stochastic neural networks is not possible in general. In some special cases, however, one ...
... mann Machines [9]. We will study important properties of such networks such as transients, equilibrium, ergodicity and periodicity in section 2.3. An exact description of transient and stationary behavior for stochastic neural networks is not possible in general. In some special cases, however, one ...
Descending Tracts
... It receives projection fibers from the globus pallidus of the basal ganglia, and gives origin to two descending extrapyramidal tracts: •The lateral tectospinal tract: Originates from the superior colliculus (the center of visual reflexes), crosses to the opposite side and terminates in the cervical ...
... It receives projection fibers from the globus pallidus of the basal ganglia, and gives origin to two descending extrapyramidal tracts: •The lateral tectospinal tract: Originates from the superior colliculus (the center of visual reflexes), crosses to the opposite side and terminates in the cervical ...
An Introduction to the ANS and Higher
... Two divisions have opposing effects on heart function 1. Parasympathetic division • Acetylcholine released by postganglionic fibers slows heart rate 2. Sympathetic division • NE released by varicosities accelerates heart rate • Balance between two divisions • Autonomic tone is present • Releases sma ...
... Two divisions have opposing effects on heart function 1. Parasympathetic division • Acetylcholine released by postganglionic fibers slows heart rate 2. Sympathetic division • NE released by varicosities accelerates heart rate • Balance between two divisions • Autonomic tone is present • Releases sma ...
Modulation of Cortical Activation and Behavioral Arousal by
... FIGURE 1. Cholinergic, orexinergic, and other neurons involved in sleep–wake state control. Sagittal schematic view of the rat brain depicting neurons with their chemical neurotransmitters and pathways by which they influence cortical activity or behavior across the sleep–wake cycle. Wake (W) is cha ...
... FIGURE 1. Cholinergic, orexinergic, and other neurons involved in sleep–wake state control. Sagittal schematic view of the rat brain depicting neurons with their chemical neurotransmitters and pathways by which they influence cortical activity or behavior across the sleep–wake cycle. Wake (W) is cha ...
Comparative analysis of the baseline spike activity of
... were determined, along with the mean neuron spike frequency and the coefficient of variation of interspike intervals. The results showed that the most significant changes in neuron activity in fastigial nucleus cells were formed during the first ten days of vibration. On day 15, there was a tendency ...
... were determined, along with the mean neuron spike frequency and the coefficient of variation of interspike intervals. The results showed that the most significant changes in neuron activity in fastigial nucleus cells were formed during the first ten days of vibration. On day 15, there was a tendency ...
A proposed common neural mechanism for categorization and
... report-independent decision signals could be present in higherassociation cortices, such as prefrontal cortex, but not in parietal cortex19. On the contrary, we found report-independent signals in parietal cortex that seem to be at least as strong, if not stronger, than those in prefrontal cortex. ...
... report-independent decision signals could be present in higherassociation cortices, such as prefrontal cortex, but not in parietal cortex19. On the contrary, we found report-independent signals in parietal cortex that seem to be at least as strong, if not stronger, than those in prefrontal cortex. ...
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... honeybee MB approximately 50 feedback neurons connect the dorsal and median a-lobe, the b-lobe, and the pedunculus with all ipsilateral calycal subcompartments, lip, collar, and basal ring (GruÈnewald 1999). Initial physiological studies have shown that feedback neurons respond to olfactory, visual, ...
... honeybee MB approximately 50 feedback neurons connect the dorsal and median a-lobe, the b-lobe, and the pedunculus with all ipsilateral calycal subcompartments, lip, collar, and basal ring (GruÈnewald 1999). Initial physiological studies have shown that feedback neurons respond to olfactory, visual, ...
Transformation from temporal to rate coding in a somatosensory
... process. The latency of the response onset increased during the 8-Hz train until it stabilized at a signi®cantly longer steady-state value (Fig. 1, POm raster display and PSTHs). These latency shifts resulted in decreased spike counts in the POm neurons because offset latencies did not change. In th ...
... process. The latency of the response onset increased during the 8-Hz train until it stabilized at a signi®cantly longer steady-state value (Fig. 1, POm raster display and PSTHs). These latency shifts resulted in decreased spike counts in the POm neurons because offset latencies did not change. In th ...
The Organization of the Frontal Motor Cortex
... examined and the functional properties of the areas connected with one another are considered, it emerges that the various frontal motor areas can be grouped into two major classes: 1) areas that transform sensory information into motor commands and 2) areas that are involved in controlling sensory- ...
... examined and the functional properties of the areas connected with one another are considered, it emerges that the various frontal motor areas can be grouped into two major classes: 1) areas that transform sensory information into motor commands and 2) areas that are involved in controlling sensory- ...
Plasticity in the Nervous System of Adult Hydra. III. Conversion of
... (Yaross et al., 1986; H. R. Bode and L. Gee, unpublished observations), the VLI+ neurons observed in these regions were not those present before the beginning of treatment. Instead, they most likely arose by conversion from VLI- neurons for two reasons: (1) because most of the animals were devoid of ...
... (Yaross et al., 1986; H. R. Bode and L. Gee, unpublished observations), the VLI+ neurons observed in these regions were not those present before the beginning of treatment. Instead, they most likely arose by conversion from VLI- neurons for two reasons: (1) because most of the animals were devoid of ...
Energy balance
... Now, back to caffeine. • Caffeine binds to the receptors for adenosine, but has no effect on the receptors. • When caffeine is bound, adenosine can’t bind. Adenosine Caffeine ...
... Now, back to caffeine. • Caffeine binds to the receptors for adenosine, but has no effect on the receptors. • When caffeine is bound, adenosine can’t bind. Adenosine Caffeine ...
Mechanisms to synchronize neuronal activity
... spindles with a dominant 40-Hz rhythm have been observed (Freeman 1979a,b). The dynamics in the visual cortex have been accordingly nick-named 40-Hz oscillations but the phenomenon is actually much more complex. In the initial experiments on primary visual cortex (area 17) of anesthetized cats (Gray ...
... spindles with a dominant 40-Hz rhythm have been observed (Freeman 1979a,b). The dynamics in the visual cortex have been accordingly nick-named 40-Hz oscillations but the phenomenon is actually much more complex. In the initial experiments on primary visual cortex (area 17) of anesthetized cats (Gray ...