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Spiking Neurons - Computing Science and Mathematics
... several spikes should occur within the time window . Values of T = 100ms or T = 500 ms are typical , but the duration may also be longer or shorter. This definition of rate has been successfully used in many preparations , particularly in experiments on sensory or motor systems. A classicalexample i ...
... several spikes should occur within the time window . Values of T = 100ms or T = 500 ms are typical , but the duration may also be longer or shorter. This definition of rate has been successfully used in many preparations , particularly in experiments on sensory or motor systems. A classicalexample i ...
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... is excitatory due to high intracellular Cl concentration (mediated by the transporter NKCC1). - This excitatory action of GABA is essential (necessary and perhaps sufficient) for proper development of dendrites and synaptic connections. Interpretations: - New neurons initially “listen” to network ac ...
... is excitatory due to high intracellular Cl concentration (mediated by the transporter NKCC1). - This excitatory action of GABA is essential (necessary and perhaps sufficient) for proper development of dendrites and synaptic connections. Interpretations: - New neurons initially “listen” to network ac ...
the distribution of the cells of origin of callosal projections in cat
... and Jones, 1971; Tusa and Palmer, 1980). This is unfortunate since, in behavioral experiments, Berlucchi et al. (1979) showed that the callosal connections of the cat’s suprasylvian cortex (including the lateral suprasylvian visual areas and area 21) make a significant contribution to the interhemis ...
... and Jones, 1971; Tusa and Palmer, 1980). This is unfortunate since, in behavioral experiments, Berlucchi et al. (1979) showed that the callosal connections of the cat’s suprasylvian cortex (including the lateral suprasylvian visual areas and area 21) make a significant contribution to the interhemis ...
Dorsal spinal cord stimulation obtunds the capacity of intrathoracic
... intervention, average activity representing the same population recorded throughout all interventions. The grouped data so derived are expressed as means ± s.d. SigmaStat 3.1 (Systat Software) with one-way analysis of variance with post hoc comparisons (Holm-Sidak test) was used to test for differen ...
... intervention, average activity representing the same population recorded throughout all interventions. The grouped data so derived are expressed as means ± s.d. SigmaStat 3.1 (Systat Software) with one-way analysis of variance with post hoc comparisons (Holm-Sidak test) was used to test for differen ...
The columnar organization of the neocortex
... neocortex. Columnar defining factors in homotypical areas are generated, in part, within the cortex itself. The set of all modules composing such an entity may be fractionated into different modular subsets by different extrinsic connections. Linkages between them and subsets in other large entities ...
... neocortex. Columnar defining factors in homotypical areas are generated, in part, within the cortex itself. The set of all modules composing such an entity may be fractionated into different modular subsets by different extrinsic connections. Linkages between them and subsets in other large entities ...
The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders
... neurotransmitter of SNc neurons is dopamine (DA). The striatum is primarily composed of projection neurons 8'9. Studies in rats suggested that striatal projection neurons give rise to extensive collateral projections with axons from a single neuron going to both segments of the pallidum and the SNr ...
... neurotransmitter of SNc neurons is dopamine (DA). The striatum is primarily composed of projection neurons 8'9. Studies in rats suggested that striatal projection neurons give rise to extensive collateral projections with axons from a single neuron going to both segments of the pallidum and the SNr ...
The effect of learning on the face selective responses of neurons in
... such a way that between them they provide a good ensemble encoded representation of visual stimuli. The ways in which such learning can happen in neuronal networks of for example the competitive type are starting to become understood (see e.g. Hinton and Anderson 1981; Rolls 1987, 1989a; Kohonen 198 ...
... such a way that between them they provide a good ensemble encoded representation of visual stimuli. The ways in which such learning can happen in neuronal networks of for example the competitive type are starting to become understood (see e.g. Hinton and Anderson 1981; Rolls 1987, 1989a; Kohonen 198 ...
Patterns of neuronal migration in the embryonic cortex
... in the MZ before turning again to enter the cortical plate to reach their final positions [36]. Interestingly, a proportion of tangentially migrating neurons from all cortical layers were observed to undergo ventricle-directed migration to the VZ in slice-culture preparations [37]. Upon reaching the ...
... in the MZ before turning again to enter the cortical plate to reach their final positions [36]. Interestingly, a proportion of tangentially migrating neurons from all cortical layers were observed to undergo ventricle-directed migration to the VZ in slice-culture preparations [37]. Upon reaching the ...
Orexinergic Input to Dopaminergic Neurons of the Human Ventral
... profoundly influenced by an orexinergic input from the lateral hypothalamus to the VTA. Because the existence and significance of an analogous orexigenic regulatory mechanism acting in the human VTA have been elusive, here we addressed the possibility that orexinergic neurons provide direct input to ...
... profoundly influenced by an orexinergic input from the lateral hypothalamus to the VTA. Because the existence and significance of an analogous orexigenic regulatory mechanism acting in the human VTA have been elusive, here we addressed the possibility that orexinergic neurons provide direct input to ...
THE PEDAL NEURONS OF APLYSIA PUNCTATA
... Fig. i. Suction electrodes were then placed on the pedal nerves of one side, close to the ganglion, and a further electrode was placed on the commissure. The connective tissue covering the ganglion was then raised clear of the underlying neurons and cut ...
... Fig. i. Suction electrodes were then placed on the pedal nerves of one side, close to the ganglion, and a further electrode was placed on the commissure. The connective tissue covering the ganglion was then raised clear of the underlying neurons and cut ...
Cholinergic induction of network oscillations at 40 Hz in the
... could be involved in the generation of the oscillations, and propagation to CA1 may depend on the excitatory Schaffer collateral input onto CA1 neurons. During 40-Hz oscillations in the hippocampus in vivo, individual pyramidal neurons do not fire action potentials at every cycle6. To analyse the fr ...
... could be involved in the generation of the oscillations, and propagation to CA1 may depend on the excitatory Schaffer collateral input onto CA1 neurons. During 40-Hz oscillations in the hippocampus in vivo, individual pyramidal neurons do not fire action potentials at every cycle6. To analyse the fr ...
Full text
... common localization of GnRH and NPY containg neurons especially in IN and ME was shown [2, 14]. This neuroanatomical colocalization implicates some physiological interactions which are associated with hormone release. Recently, Advis et al. [1] showed, using the push-pull technique, that NPY release ...
... common localization of GnRH and NPY containg neurons especially in IN and ME was shown [2, 14]. This neuroanatomical colocalization implicates some physiological interactions which are associated with hormone release. Recently, Advis et al. [1] showed, using the push-pull technique, that NPY release ...
“Congruent” and “Opposite” Neurons: Sisters for Multisensory
... However, multisensory integration is only half of the story of multisensory information processing, which works well when the sensory cues are originated from the same object. In cases where the sensory cues originate from different objects, the brain should segregate, rather than integrate, the cue ...
... However, multisensory integration is only half of the story of multisensory information processing, which works well when the sensory cues are originated from the same object. In cases where the sensory cues originate from different objects, the brain should segregate, rather than integrate, the cue ...
Pontine Gustatory Activity Is Altered by Electrical Stimulation in the
... tastants were applied during concurrent CeA stimulation. In most cases a neuron was held long enough to complete the second control series. This was done to assess the stability of the recorded neuron and to determine whether CeA stimulation produced any prolonged effects on gustatory responsiveness ...
... tastants were applied during concurrent CeA stimulation. In most cases a neuron was held long enough to complete the second control series. This was done to assess the stability of the recorded neuron and to determine whether CeA stimulation produced any prolonged effects on gustatory responsiveness ...
The orbitofrontal cortex: Neuronal activity in the behaving monkey
... testing (see below) responded as soon as the object was shown to the animal (count period 4). Neurons which did not respond in count period 4, but did respond as the object approached the mouth in the latter part of count period 5 and during count period 6, could have activity that was related to be ...
... testing (see below) responded as soon as the object was shown to the animal (count period 4). Neurons which did not respond in count period 4, but did respond as the object approached the mouth in the latter part of count period 5 and during count period 6, could have activity that was related to be ...
Rapid Changes in Synaptic Vesicle Cytochemistry
... (NE) 1 (49). In another medium which promotes the development of cholinergic characteristics, i.e., heart-conditioned medium, the quantity of adrenergic function has been reported to decrease as cholinergic function increases (39, 51); however, even in these studies, the data indicate that several a ...
... (NE) 1 (49). In another medium which promotes the development of cholinergic characteristics, i.e., heart-conditioned medium, the quantity of adrenergic function has been reported to decrease as cholinergic function increases (39, 51); however, even in these studies, the data indicate that several a ...
Hunger Modulates the Responses to Gustatory Stimuli
... processes are involved, these will be expedited by glucose which does not need to be metabolized before absorption. In one case 20% blackcurrant juice was used, so as to provide a wider range of information on satiety, and in one case pure apple juice was used, also to test the effects of satiety wi ...
... processes are involved, these will be expedited by glucose which does not need to be metabolized before absorption. In one case 20% blackcurrant juice was used, so as to provide a wider range of information on satiety, and in one case pure apple juice was used, also to test the effects of satiety wi ...
The Impact of Prior Experience With Cross-Modal
... modality specific and cross-modal stimuli. Neurons responsible for MI may not exhibit this function until experience dictates the need to do so; for instance, after an animal experiences multimodal stimuli. If cells in the intSC do not necessarily have to do MI, neural activity in intSC evoked by mu ...
... modality specific and cross-modal stimuli. Neurons responsible for MI may not exhibit this function until experience dictates the need to do so; for instance, after an animal experiences multimodal stimuli. If cells in the intSC do not necessarily have to do MI, neural activity in intSC evoked by mu ...
Formation of Neuronal Pathways in the lmaginal Discs of Drosophila
... b; Keshishian and Bentley, 1983a, b, c; Berlot and Goodman, 1984). It has been suggested that pioneer growth cones rely on at least two sources of guidance: (7) polarity along the limb axis, and (2) strategically located cells that serve as stepping stones (Bate, 1976), guideposts (Bentley and Keshi ...
... b; Keshishian and Bentley, 1983a, b, c; Berlot and Goodman, 1984). It has been suggested that pioneer growth cones rely on at least two sources of guidance: (7) polarity along the limb axis, and (2) strategically located cells that serve as stepping stones (Bate, 1976), guideposts (Bentley and Keshi ...
The functional asymmetry of auditory cortex is reflected
... found that local connections along the tonotopic axis differed from those along the isofrequency axis: some input pathways to L3 (but not L2) arose predominantly out-of-column. In vivo cell-attached recordings revealed differences between the soundresponsiveness of neurons in L2 and L3. Our results ...
... found that local connections along the tonotopic axis differed from those along the isofrequency axis: some input pathways to L3 (but not L2) arose predominantly out-of-column. In vivo cell-attached recordings revealed differences between the soundresponsiveness of neurons in L2 and L3. Our results ...
Linking Neural Activity to Visual Perception: Separating Sensory and
... We can use the specialization of visual cortical neurons to begin understanding how they support visual perception. This is accomplished by comparing the activity of a neuron to the responses of an observer performing a perceptual task [1]. Neurons from the Middle Temporal area of visual cortex (MT ...
... We can use the specialization of visual cortical neurons to begin understanding how they support visual perception. This is accomplished by comparing the activity of a neuron to the responses of an observer performing a perceptual task [1]. Neurons from the Middle Temporal area of visual cortex (MT ...
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... scale invariance,24 or orientational invariance.39 Therefore, it seems biologically incorrect, even though convenient to engineer, to impose strict invariance in position, scale, or orientation. From the developmental point of view, such an imposition will significantly restrict the system’s ability ...
... scale invariance,24 or orientational invariance.39 Therefore, it seems biologically incorrect, even though convenient to engineer, to impose strict invariance in position, scale, or orientation. From the developmental point of view, such an imposition will significantly restrict the system’s ability ...
Biology
... coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli. ...
... coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli. ...