Meninges,Cerebrospinal Fluid, and the spinal cord
... Ascending pathways Two pathways transmit somatosensory information to the sensory cortex via the thalamus ...
... Ascending pathways Two pathways transmit somatosensory information to the sensory cortex via the thalamus ...
Amo, Neuron, 2014
... have previously shown that zebrafish can show both panic responses to the aversive conditioned stimulus after the classical fear conditioning and adaptive goal-directed escape behavior after the active avoidance learning is acquired (Agetsuma et al., 2010; Aoki et al., 2013) (Movie S1 available onli ...
... have previously shown that zebrafish can show both panic responses to the aversive conditioned stimulus after the classical fear conditioning and adaptive goal-directed escape behavior after the active avoidance learning is acquired (Agetsuma et al., 2010; Aoki et al., 2013) (Movie S1 available onli ...
Neural ensemble coding and statistical periodicity: Speculations on
... in a fast moving hockey game, watching children at play. What do these tasks have in common? They all require that the nervous system rapidly acquire, encode, transmit, decode, and act on the ever-evolving information presented to it. Indeed neuro-physiological and neuro-psychological evidence indic ...
... in a fast moving hockey game, watching children at play. What do these tasks have in common? They all require that the nervous system rapidly acquire, encode, transmit, decode, and act on the ever-evolving information presented to it. Indeed neuro-physiological and neuro-psychological evidence indic ...
Estimating Fast Neural Input Using Anatomical and
... input creates spurious connections and adds variability to the connectivity estimation. On the other hand, this input may be crucial for the generation of action potentials; thus, without this input it would be impossible to detect a connection using extracellular recordings or calcium imaging. One ...
... input creates spurious connections and adds variability to the connectivity estimation. On the other hand, this input may be crucial for the generation of action potentials; thus, without this input it would be impossible to detect a connection using extracellular recordings or calcium imaging. One ...
![[Frontiers in Bioscience 8, s438-451, May 1, 2003] 438 AROUSAL](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/005320946_1-6eb469e446a066f466aecf70147008ff-300x300.png)
[Frontiers in Bioscience 8, s438-451, May 1, 2003] 438 AROUSAL
... coeruleus neurons, which utilize the same pathway (see below). The cholinergic neurons give rise to ascending projections that parallel those of the reticular formation, extending dorsally into the thalamus and ventrally into the hypothalamus and basal forebrain (12, 20-23). Electrical stimulation o ...
... coeruleus neurons, which utilize the same pathway (see below). The cholinergic neurons give rise to ascending projections that parallel those of the reticular formation, extending dorsally into the thalamus and ventrally into the hypothalamus and basal forebrain (12, 20-23). Electrical stimulation o ...
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for
... concerned with the aspect of form, orientation, and/or size perception that is relevant for the visual control of movements. ...
... concerned with the aspect of form, orientation, and/or size perception that is relevant for the visual control of movements. ...
the primate amygdala: neuronal representations of
... 2001). Almost nothing is known, however, about whether aspects of food other than taste and smell are represented in the amygdala. The texture of food is important in its palatability and acceptability (Bourne, 2002, consider e.g. damp cereal or potato chips), and temperature may also be important ( ...
... 2001). Almost nothing is known, however, about whether aspects of food other than taste and smell are represented in the amygdala. The texture of food is important in its palatability and acceptability (Bourne, 2002, consider e.g. damp cereal or potato chips), and temperature may also be important ( ...
A Candidate Pathway for a Visual Instructional Signal to the Barn
... located within the circle marked by arrowheads; stained terminal structures are marked by the arrow. Giemsa counterstain; scale bar, 100 m. least 4 hr were allowed for transport. After fixation, brains and slices were sectioned on a cryostat at 60 m, and the biocytin was visualized with a heav y-m ...
... located within the circle marked by arrowheads; stained terminal structures are marked by the arrow. Giemsa counterstain; scale bar, 100 m. least 4 hr were allowed for transport. After fixation, brains and slices were sectioned on a cryostat at 60 m, and the biocytin was visualized with a heav y-m ...
Midbrain fMRI: Applications, Limitations and Challenges
... specificity of its innervations is likely less than dopamine neurons. That said, norad renergic input to certain brain regions can be surprisingly selective in primates: in the visual cortex for instance, there is a striking absence of noradrenergic fibers in lamina IV, where this lamina receives ...
... specificity of its innervations is likely less than dopamine neurons. That said, norad renergic input to certain brain regions can be surprisingly selective in primates: in the visual cortex for instance, there is a striking absence of noradrenergic fibers in lamina IV, where this lamina receives ...
Neural Responses to Facial Expression and Face Identity in the
... Category selectivity was assessed with one-way ANOVAs with three levels: “Monkey,” “Human,” and “Object.” Significant results are reported based on P ⬍ 0.05 level, unless stated otherwise. Bonferroni–Dunn post hoc tests (also at P ⬍ 0.05) were used to determine which category of stimuli for which ea ...
... Category selectivity was assessed with one-way ANOVAs with three levels: “Monkey,” “Human,” and “Object.” Significant results are reported based on P ⬍ 0.05 level, unless stated otherwise. Bonferroni–Dunn post hoc tests (also at P ⬍ 0.05) were used to determine which category of stimuli for which ea ...
Current advances and pressing problems in studies of stopping
... to the principal sulcus and rostral to or in the arcuate sulcus. This region has not been explored extensively neurophysiologically, but an fMRI study in macaques identifies its activation with cognitive set shifting [59]. Thus, plausible alternative hypotheses about the role of IFC abound. (3) Conf ...
... to the principal sulcus and rostral to or in the arcuate sulcus. This region has not been explored extensively neurophysiologically, but an fMRI study in macaques identifies its activation with cognitive set shifting [59]. Thus, plausible alternative hypotheses about the role of IFC abound. (3) Conf ...
Intention, Action Planning, and Decision Making in Parietal
... (Barraclough et al., 2004). The effector choice trials were randomly interleaved with instructed trials in which the monkey is instructed to make a reach or a saccade by extinguishing only one of the colored components (e.g., if the red part stays on, the monkey is instructed to make a saccade) (Fig ...
... (Barraclough et al., 2004). The effector choice trials were randomly interleaved with instructed trials in which the monkey is instructed to make a reach or a saccade by extinguishing only one of the colored components (e.g., if the red part stays on, the monkey is instructed to make a saccade) (Fig ...
Contribution of Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Neurons to
... PPTN also projects to the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) (Beninato and Spencer 1986) that encode an error signal for reinforcement learning (Schultz 1998). PPTN receives limbic inputs from the hypothalamus, the ventral tegmental area (Semba and Fibiger 1992), and th ...
... PPTN also projects to the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) (Beninato and Spencer 1986) that encode an error signal for reinforcement learning (Schultz 1998). PPTN receives limbic inputs from the hypothalamus, the ventral tegmental area (Semba and Fibiger 1992), and th ...
Mental Processes -- How the Mind Arises from the Brain Roger Ellman
... - recognition of all beings that are human as human beings; - recognition of all shirts. The universal is the common characteristic of all elements of the group, that is Eness, human-ness, shirt-ness in the above three examples. Not only humans recognize universals; most animals do also, but the abi ...
... - recognition of all beings that are human as human beings; - recognition of all shirts. The universal is the common characteristic of all elements of the group, that is Eness, human-ness, shirt-ness in the above three examples. Not only humans recognize universals; most animals do also, but the abi ...
Neuronal Migration and Ventral Subtype Identity in the
... Sox1-null OT regions, but are not visible because they do not express Sox1bgeo and other differentiation markers, we exposed embryos to BrdU. This way, we permanently marked all proliferating precursors independently of Sox1 or other striatal-marker gene expression and followed them at later embryon ...
... Sox1-null OT regions, but are not visible because they do not express Sox1bgeo and other differentiation markers, we exposed embryos to BrdU. This way, we permanently marked all proliferating precursors independently of Sox1 or other striatal-marker gene expression and followed them at later embryon ...
Synapse Jeopardy
... • Split the group into two teams that will be presented with a table similar to: ...
... • Split the group into two teams that will be presented with a table similar to: ...
Response Characteristics of Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn Neurons in
... behaviors directed toward the caudal part of the body were also observed and suggest the presence of spontaneous pain, itch, and/or dysesthesia. The present study was undertaken to explore the spinal neuronal mechanisms underlying the sensory abnormalities observed in this model. Thereto, we recorde ...
... behaviors directed toward the caudal part of the body were also observed and suggest the presence of spontaneous pain, itch, and/or dysesthesia. The present study was undertaken to explore the spinal neuronal mechanisms underlying the sensory abnormalities observed in this model. Thereto, we recorde ...
Ventral Medial Nucleus Neurons Send Thalamocortical Afferents
... thalamic projection neurons including motor and sensory thalamic nuclei (Kuramoto et al. 2009; Ohno et al. 2012). In the VA-VL, IZ neurons were classified as matrix-type neurons from the observation that more than half of their projecting axon fibers were distributed in L1 of the cerebral cortex (Kura ...
... thalamic projection neurons including motor and sensory thalamic nuclei (Kuramoto et al. 2009; Ohno et al. 2012). In the VA-VL, IZ neurons were classified as matrix-type neurons from the observation that more than half of their projecting axon fibers were distributed in L1 of the cerebral cortex (Kura ...
Choice Coding in Frontal Cortex during Stimulus
... two tasks: an AO and an SO task (Fig. 1A). In both tasks, each trial consisted of two distinct phases: a sampling phase and a choice phase. During the sampling phase, the subject experienced two events that were each predictive of a specific outcome. In the SO task, the subject was presented with tw ...
... two tasks: an AO and an SO task (Fig. 1A). In both tasks, each trial consisted of two distinct phases: a sampling phase and a choice phase. During the sampling phase, the subject experienced two events that were each predictive of a specific outcome. In the SO task, the subject was presented with tw ...
Guided outgrowth of leech neurons in culture
... The length of guided neurites, however, is hundreds of micrometers, i.e. distinctly longer than reported for DRG neurons. Leech neurons do not grow on irradiated substrate in contrast to the DRG neurons [6]. The difference may be due to a higher light intensity used here to affect the substrate. The ...
... The length of guided neurites, however, is hundreds of micrometers, i.e. distinctly longer than reported for DRG neurons. Leech neurons do not grow on irradiated substrate in contrast to the DRG neurons [6]. The difference may be due to a higher light intensity used here to affect the substrate. The ...
6.12 Dorsal and Ventral Streams in the Sense of Touch
... the thalamus), S-I (primary somatosensory cortex, areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2), S-II/PV (secondary somatosensory and parietal ventral cortex). Posterior parietal areas (blue): 5d/5v (rostral end of superior parietal lobule), PRR (parietal reach region, caudal end of superior parietal lobule), AIP (anteri ...
... the thalamus), S-I (primary somatosensory cortex, areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2), S-II/PV (secondary somatosensory and parietal ventral cortex). Posterior parietal areas (blue): 5d/5v (rostral end of superior parietal lobule), PRR (parietal reach region, caudal end of superior parietal lobule), AIP (anteri ...
