Segregated cholinergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area
... Since cholinergic neurons of the PPN and LDT are components of functionally distinct forebrain circuits, we tested the hypothesis that they may innervate functionally distinct subsets of VTA neurons. We injected a tracer into the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) shell to retrogradely label the so-called, me ...
... Since cholinergic neurons of the PPN and LDT are components of functionally distinct forebrain circuits, we tested the hypothesis that they may innervate functionally distinct subsets of VTA neurons. We injected a tracer into the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) shell to retrogradely label the so-called, me ...
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... proportion of synapses will contact dendrites whose soma is internal or external to the column, but the actual proportion is not known. Still to be determined as well, is whether contacts are specifically targeted or “randomly” distributed among postsynaptic populations. An interesting question then ...
... proportion of synapses will contact dendrites whose soma is internal or external to the column, but the actual proportion is not known. Still to be determined as well, is whether contacts are specifically targeted or “randomly” distributed among postsynaptic populations. An interesting question then ...
Functional neuroanatomy of the primate isocortical motor system
... parieto-frontal circuits. These circuits work in parallel and transform different aspects of sensory information into appropriate motor commands. The aim of this review is to give a concise overview of the anatomical and functional organization of the agranular frontal isocortex in macaques and to d ...
... parieto-frontal circuits. These circuits work in parallel and transform different aspects of sensory information into appropriate motor commands. The aim of this review is to give a concise overview of the anatomical and functional organization of the agranular frontal isocortex in macaques and to d ...
Intrinsic laminar lattice connections in primate visual cortex
... of 4C. At further distances from the injection site, the labeled band in 4B typically narrows and remains within the athalamic zone of 4B proper (see Fig. IB). The wide HRP band is prominent only when layer 4B itself is involved in the injection. Otherwise, if the injection is restricted to layers 1 ...
... of 4C. At further distances from the injection site, the labeled band in 4B typically narrows and remains within the athalamic zone of 4B proper (see Fig. IB). The wide HRP band is prominent only when layer 4B itself is involved in the injection. Otherwise, if the injection is restricted to layers 1 ...
Encoding of Action History in the Rat Ventral Striatum
... value functions based on the reward prediction errors are not well understood. Clearly, this updating mechanism has to integrate multiple types of signals, such as value functions and reward prediction errors. In addition, the process of reinforcement learning would be greatly facilitated if memory ...
... value functions based on the reward prediction errors are not well understood. Clearly, this updating mechanism has to integrate multiple types of signals, such as value functions and reward prediction errors. In addition, the process of reinforcement learning would be greatly facilitated if memory ...
How microglia kill neurons
... embryonic rat midbrain cultures, but it was not tested whether this neurotoxicity was mediated by glia (Clarke and Branton, 2002; McGuire et al., 2001). We found that TNFα could induce delayed neuronal loss that was prevented if microglia were removed from the cultures, and was mediated by microglia ...
... embryonic rat midbrain cultures, but it was not tested whether this neurotoxicity was mediated by glia (Clarke and Branton, 2002; McGuire et al., 2001). We found that TNFα could induce delayed neuronal loss that was prevented if microglia were removed from the cultures, and was mediated by microglia ...
DECODING NEURONAL FIRING AND MODELING NEURAL
... Malenka & Nicoll, 1993) and depression (LTD) (Artola & Singer; 1993). Thus, it makes more sense to study the effect of synaptic changes than of synaptic values. Synaptic learning rules (see section 8) based on or inspired by LTP and LTD data can be used to compute the changes in synaptic strengths t ...
... Malenka & Nicoll, 1993) and depression (LTD) (Artola & Singer; 1993). Thus, it makes more sense to study the effect of synaptic changes than of synaptic values. Synaptic learning rules (see section 8) based on or inspired by LTP and LTD data can be used to compute the changes in synaptic strengths t ...
Visuomotor Functions in the Frontal Lobe
... sulcus is Brodmann’s area 4 or F1, which is known functionally as the primary motor cortex (M1). Rostral to M1 is Brodmann’s area 6, which is subdivided into several areas. The supplementary motor area (SMA), which occupies dorsal area F2 and mesial area F3, is located on the medial wall and dorsal ...
... sulcus is Brodmann’s area 4 or F1, which is known functionally as the primary motor cortex (M1). Rostral to M1 is Brodmann’s area 6, which is subdivided into several areas. The supplementary motor area (SMA), which occupies dorsal area F2 and mesial area F3, is located on the medial wall and dorsal ...
Table of Contents - The Mind Project
... additional theory is brought up later in the lab, students may get a sense of the connection between technology (instruments used to collect scientific data) and science. The Virtual Parkinson’s lab models the important combination of scientists sharing their research with the improvement of technol ...
... additional theory is brought up later in the lab, students may get a sense of the connection between technology (instruments used to collect scientific data) and science. The Virtual Parkinson’s lab models the important combination of scientists sharing their research with the improvement of technol ...
Distribution of GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the
... lateral geniculate nucleus; laminae 4C, 4A, and the cytochrome-rich patches of lamina 3. In lamina 4A, GABAergic terminals are distributed in a honeycomb pattern which appears to match closely the spatial pattern of geniculate terminations in this region. Quantitative analysis of axon terminals that ...
... lateral geniculate nucleus; laminae 4C, 4A, and the cytochrome-rich patches of lamina 3. In lamina 4A, GABAergic terminals are distributed in a honeycomb pattern which appears to match closely the spatial pattern of geniculate terminations in this region. Quantitative analysis of axon terminals that ...
Early Appearance of Inhibitory Input to the MNTB Supports Binaural
... immaturities that limit auditory processing in juvenile animals, they are able to lateralize sounds using binaural cues. This study explores a central mechanism that may compensate for these limitations during development. Interaural time and level difference processing by neurons in the superior ol ...
... immaturities that limit auditory processing in juvenile animals, they are able to lateralize sounds using binaural cues. This study explores a central mechanism that may compensate for these limitations during development. Interaural time and level difference processing by neurons in the superior ol ...
Multimodal Integration in Rostral Fastigial Nucleus Provides an
... Materials and Methods Three rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were prepared for chronic extracellular recording using aseptic surgical techniques. All experimental protocols were approved by the McGill University Animal Care Committee and were in compliance with the guidelines of the Canadian Council ...
... Materials and Methods Three rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were prepared for chronic extracellular recording using aseptic surgical techniques. All experimental protocols were approved by the McGill University Animal Care Committee and were in compliance with the guidelines of the Canadian Council ...
Electronic Realization of Human Brain`s Neo
... biological neurons. The power consumed by the software implementations are up to 500 billion times more and neo-cortical simulator result is half of the biological data. An obvious reason for such error in the simulation is lack of physical interconnections that shall account for significant power c ...
... biological neurons. The power consumed by the software implementations are up to 500 billion times more and neo-cortical simulator result is half of the biological data. An obvious reason for such error in the simulation is lack of physical interconnections that shall account for significant power c ...
Using calcium imaging to understand function and learning in L2/3
... neurons that correlated strongly with spontaneous firing rate. This correlation indicates that a major component of responsiveness is independent of experimental stimulus choice. The distribution of responsivity w ...
... neurons that correlated strongly with spontaneous firing rate. This correlation indicates that a major component of responsiveness is independent of experimental stimulus choice. The distribution of responsivity w ...
Diversity of reporter expression patterns in transgenic mouse lines
... physiological and pathological phenomena (21). These include stress-related anxiety (22), memory problems (23, 24), addiction-relapse (25, 26), PTSD (22), and potentially other stress-associated conditions such as anhedonia and anorexia nervosa. Accurate interpretation of studies using cell type-spe ...
... physiological and pathological phenomena (21). These include stress-related anxiety (22), memory problems (23, 24), addiction-relapse (25, 26), PTSD (22), and potentially other stress-associated conditions such as anhedonia and anorexia nervosa. Accurate interpretation of studies using cell type-spe ...
Astrocyteneuron interaction in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal
... min for 10 s each, either at increasing (Fig. 2Aa,b) or at stable concentrations (Fig. 1Bc,Ca,Da). When the interaction of 20 (30 )-O-(4benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine-50 -triphosphate tri(triethylammonium) salt (Bz-ATP) with excitatory amino acid (EAA), GABAA, or P2X7 receptor antagonists was studied, a s ...
... min for 10 s each, either at increasing (Fig. 2Aa,b) or at stable concentrations (Fig. 1Bc,Ca,Da). When the interaction of 20 (30 )-O-(4benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine-50 -triphosphate tri(triethylammonium) salt (Bz-ATP) with excitatory amino acid (EAA), GABAA, or P2X7 receptor antagonists was studied, a s ...
mechanisms and biological role of thalamocortical oscillations
... various oscillatory activities and/or mediated some of them. The electrophysiological identification of a TC neuron is shown in Fig. 2. Usually, a small depolarization of TC neurons with intracellular DC current pulses produces passive response (not shown). Progressive increase in the intensity of t ...
... various oscillatory activities and/or mediated some of them. The electrophysiological identification of a TC neuron is shown in Fig. 2. Usually, a small depolarization of TC neurons with intracellular DC current pulses produces passive response (not shown). Progressive increase in the intensity of t ...
Functional Organization of the Cat Visual Cortex in Relation to the
... were obtained (Gilbert 1977; Snodderly and Gur 1995). Neuronal signals were amplified (⫻10,000, 150 Hz to 10 kHz, MEG-6116, Nihon Kohden, Tokyo) and converted to pulse signals using a window discriminator (DDIS-1, BAK, Germantown, MD), after which the unit pulses were fed to a PC-computer at a sampl ...
... were obtained (Gilbert 1977; Snodderly and Gur 1995). Neuronal signals were amplified (⫻10,000, 150 Hz to 10 kHz, MEG-6116, Nihon Kohden, Tokyo) and converted to pulse signals using a window discriminator (DDIS-1, BAK, Germantown, MD), after which the unit pulses were fed to a PC-computer at a sampl ...
The prefrontal cortex encompasses a large and heterogeneous set of
... cortex in adult rhesus monkeys have unique profiles and (ii) if groups of architectonic areas belonging to distinct cortical types, ranging from agranular to eulaminate, have similar features. In addition, we used multidimensional analyses to see if, and how, prefrontal areas form clusters when mult ...
... cortex in adult rhesus monkeys have unique profiles and (ii) if groups of architectonic areas belonging to distinct cortical types, ranging from agranular to eulaminate, have similar features. In addition, we used multidimensional analyses to see if, and how, prefrontal areas form clusters when mult ...
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... The orbitofrontal cortex has been hypothesized to carry information regarding the value of expected rewards. Such information is essential for associative learning, which relies on comparisons between expected and obtained reward for generating instructive error signals. These error signals are thou ...
... The orbitofrontal cortex has been hypothesized to carry information regarding the value of expected rewards. Such information is essential for associative learning, which relies on comparisons between expected and obtained reward for generating instructive error signals. These error signals are thou ...
Circuits through prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and ventral anterior
... c New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Accepted 22 March 2004 ...
... c New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Accepted 22 March 2004 ...
