Discharge Patterns of Neurons in the Ventral Nucleus of the Lateral
... peaks corresponded to the evenly spaced action potentials of a regular discharge. In unusual chopper neurons, the action potential associated with a particular peak could fail to occur during any one presentation of the stimulus. Unusual chopper neurons had a relatively irregular discharge. Phasic n ...
... peaks corresponded to the evenly spaced action potentials of a regular discharge. In unusual chopper neurons, the action potential associated with a particular peak could fail to occur during any one presentation of the stimulus. Unusual chopper neurons had a relatively irregular discharge. Phasic n ...
Effect of Methamphetamine Neurotoxicity on Learning- Arc Efferent Neurons
... 2005; 2008; Daberkow et al., 2005). However, the extent to which such depletions alter mechanisms underlying striatal neuroplasticity involved in learning and memory functions is unknown. Spiny efferent neurons comprise ~95% of the neurons in the striatum (Kemp and Powell, 1971). Approximately half ...
... 2005; 2008; Daberkow et al., 2005). However, the extent to which such depletions alter mechanisms underlying striatal neuroplasticity involved in learning and memory functions is unknown. Spiny efferent neurons comprise ~95% of the neurons in the striatum (Kemp and Powell, 1971). Approximately half ...
Toward a Unified Theory of Visual Area V4
... by V3 and anteriorly by dorsal and ventral V4A. While gross retinotopy in V4 is well understood, some important aspects of its organization are still debated. These issues include the location of V4 borders (see Stepniewska et al., 2005 for review), whether it is one area or more, and whether it is ...
... by V3 and anteriorly by dorsal and ventral V4A. While gross retinotopy in V4 is well understood, some important aspects of its organization are still debated. These issues include the location of V4 borders (see Stepniewska et al., 2005 for review), whether it is one area or more, and whether it is ...
Efferent connections of the parabigeminal nucleus to the amygdala
... structure of the limbic system, the Am. The projection from the Pbg to Am might be an element of a third disynaptic connection from the SC to the Am, since this nucleus receives a significant input from the SC (Baleydier and Magnin, 1979; Graybiel, 1978, reviewed in Usunoff et al., 2006). In order t ...
... structure of the limbic system, the Am. The projection from the Pbg to Am might be an element of a third disynaptic connection from the SC to the Am, since this nucleus receives a significant input from the SC (Baleydier and Magnin, 1979; Graybiel, 1978, reviewed in Usunoff et al., 2006). In order t ...
Physiological Patterns in the Hippocampo
... Layer II and layer III neurons provide entorhinal input to the hippocampus (Steward and Scoville, 1976; Witter and Groenewegen, 1984; Amaral and Witter, 1995; Dolorfo and Amaral, 1998a,b). Via these neurons, the product of neocortical associative processes is fed into the circuitry of the hippocampu ...
... Layer II and layer III neurons provide entorhinal input to the hippocampus (Steward and Scoville, 1976; Witter and Groenewegen, 1984; Amaral and Witter, 1995; Dolorfo and Amaral, 1998a,b). Via these neurons, the product of neocortical associative processes is fed into the circuitry of the hippocampu ...
PDF version - Richard Andersen
... and S. These basic phases are common to neurons of both areas range was similar to that of LIP, typically the LS latencies were LIP and 7a. In each phase (LS, M, and S), individual neurons may or may not be active. Most LIP neurons, however, are active in longer (median 160 ms). 12. In summary, area ...
... and S. These basic phases are common to neurons of both areas range was similar to that of LIP, typically the LS latencies were LIP and 7a. In each phase (LS, M, and S), individual neurons may or may not be active. Most LIP neurons, however, are active in longer (median 160 ms). 12. In summary, area ...
How the prefrontal executive got its stripes
... to the frontal cortex. All cortical areas project to the input nuclei of the basal ganglia (caudate and putamen) but only frontal cortices (motor, premotor and prefrontal) receive the output of the basal ganglia via the thalamus. The simplified diagram shows only the ‘direct’ pathway through the bas ...
... to the frontal cortex. All cortical areas project to the input nuclei of the basal ganglia (caudate and putamen) but only frontal cortices (motor, premotor and prefrontal) receive the output of the basal ganglia via the thalamus. The simplified diagram shows only the ‘direct’ pathway through the bas ...
Temporal Profiles of Axon Terminals, Synapses and Spines in the
... penumbra of the cerebral cortex is obscure, we studied the temporal profile of these structures up to 12 weeks after the ischemic insult, using a gerbil model. Methods—Stroke-positive animals were selected according to their stroke index score during the first 10-minute left carotid occlusion done t ...
... penumbra of the cerebral cortex is obscure, we studied the temporal profile of these structures up to 12 weeks after the ischemic insult, using a gerbil model. Methods—Stroke-positive animals were selected according to their stroke index score during the first 10-minute left carotid occlusion done t ...
Glycine Immunoreactivity of Multipolar Neurons in the Ventral
... mapped and photographed. We limited our analysis to neurons located near the surface of the tissue section because the glycine immunostaining was restricted to these regions due to the failure of the antibodies and reagents to diffuse more than 10µm into the tissue. We used thick sections rather tha ...
... mapped and photographed. We limited our analysis to neurons located near the surface of the tissue section because the glycine immunostaining was restricted to these regions due to the failure of the antibodies and reagents to diffuse more than 10µm into the tissue. We used thick sections rather tha ...
The Evolution of Neuron Types and Cortical
... hominoids to exploit resources in small branches of trees by developing suspensory postures to distribute their body weight. This form of locomotion may have been particularly important in allowing certain species to increase body size. In addition, compared to other primates, hominoids have extende ...
... hominoids to exploit resources in small branches of trees by developing suspensory postures to distribute their body weight. This form of locomotion may have been particularly important in allowing certain species to increase body size. In addition, compared to other primates, hominoids have extende ...
Efficient Recruitment of Layer 2/3 Interneurons by Layer 4 Input in
... Connection probability. The probability of finding a synaptically connected pair of a L4 spiny neuron and a L2/3 interneuron was assessed in D, depicts the reconstruction of the neurons shown in Figure 1 B three different ways: (1) the average number of presynaptic L4 neurons and identifies the pres ...
... Connection probability. The probability of finding a synaptically connected pair of a L4 spiny neuron and a L2/3 interneuron was assessed in D, depicts the reconstruction of the neurons shown in Figure 1 B three different ways: (1) the average number of presynaptic L4 neurons and identifies the pres ...
Spike-Wave Complexes and Fast Components of Cortically
... IV. Paroxysmal fast runs in cortical and thalamic neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1495–1513, 1998. In the preceding papers of this series, we have analyzed the cellular patterns and synchronization of neocortical seizures occurring spontaneously or induced by electrical stimulation or cortical infusio ...
... IV. Paroxysmal fast runs in cortical and thalamic neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1495–1513, 1998. In the preceding papers of this series, we have analyzed the cellular patterns and synchronization of neocortical seizures occurring spontaneously or induced by electrical stimulation or cortical infusio ...
Neuron
... 2001) and lateral intraparietal areas in macaques (Andersen et al., 1997; Colby and Goldberg, 1999), but functional correspondences among them also remain elusive. These diversities emphasize the importance of direct comparison of the functional architecture of the frontal and parietal eye fields be ...
... 2001) and lateral intraparietal areas in macaques (Andersen et al., 1997; Colby and Goldberg, 1999), but functional correspondences among them also remain elusive. These diversities emphasize the importance of direct comparison of the functional architecture of the frontal and parietal eye fields be ...
New Roles for the External Globus Pallidus in Basal Ganglia Circuits
... (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983). Stop cue processing initially involves much faster signaling through STN (⬃15 ms latencies), providing glutamatergic inputs to the same SNr neurons; if this occurs early enough, it can oppose action initiation (Schmidt et al., 2013). However, the Stop cue only causes a tr ...
... (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983). Stop cue processing initially involves much faster signaling through STN (⬃15 ms latencies), providing glutamatergic inputs to the same SNr neurons; if this occurs early enough, it can oppose action initiation (Schmidt et al., 2013). However, the Stop cue only causes a tr ...
14132.full - Explore Bristol Research
... functions (e.g., cardiorespiratory adjustments) and sensory processing (e.g., modulation of pain processing) that accompany defense are well understood (Lovick and Bandler, 2005); however, little is known of the neural circuits that mediate the characteristic motor responses associated with vlPAG ac ...
... functions (e.g., cardiorespiratory adjustments) and sensory processing (e.g., modulation of pain processing) that accompany defense are well understood (Lovick and Bandler, 2005); however, little is known of the neural circuits that mediate the characteristic motor responses associated with vlPAG ac ...
Relationship of Prefrontal Connections to Inhibitory Systems in Superior Temporal
... evidence in both human and non-human primates that all prefrontal cortices have a role in inhibitory control, albeit within the domain of their specialization (for reviews see Shimamura, 1995; Roberts and Wallis, 2000). The phenomenon of inhibitory control is exemplified at the functional level in th ...
... evidence in both human and non-human primates that all prefrontal cortices have a role in inhibitory control, albeit within the domain of their specialization (for reviews see Shimamura, 1995; Roberts and Wallis, 2000). The phenomenon of inhibitory control is exemplified at the functional level in th ...
Reinforcement Learning Using a Continuous Time Actor
... In the standard setting, this theory assumes that an agent moves between states in its environment by choosing appropriate actions in discrete time steps. Rewards are given in certain conjunctions of states and actions, and the agent’s aim is to choose its actions so as to maximize the amount of rew ...
... In the standard setting, this theory assumes that an agent moves between states in its environment by choosing appropriate actions in discrete time steps. Rewards are given in certain conjunctions of states and actions, and the agent’s aim is to choose its actions so as to maximize the amount of rew ...
String Art: Axon Tracts in the Spinal Cord Spinal reflex arcs
... fibres) remain uncrossed, travel in the anterior corticospinal tract and then supply motor neurons on both sides of the spinal cord. ...
... fibres) remain uncrossed, travel in the anterior corticospinal tract and then supply motor neurons on both sides of the spinal cord. ...
Distribution of GABA‐like immunoreactivity in the rat amygdaloid
... were incubated without the primary antiserum. The control periphery of the intercalated nuclei showed spots of insera at a concentration of 1:3,000 or 1:5,000 stained all tensely labeled neuropil within adjacent amygdaloid nuclei tissue elements weakly and unselectively. The sections in- (Fig. 5 , b ...
... were incubated without the primary antiserum. The control periphery of the intercalated nuclei showed spots of insera at a concentration of 1:3,000 or 1:5,000 stained all tensely labeled neuropil within adjacent amygdaloid nuclei tissue elements weakly and unselectively. The sections in- (Fig. 5 , b ...
Hypergravity hinders axonal development of motor neurons
... development of neuronal projections. In hypergravity conditions, 150G force induced neuron-like cell differentiation and development of longer neurites in cultured PC12 cells (Genchi et al., 2015). Moreover, low gravity during spaceflight can induce alterations in dendritic arbor development in medi ...
... development of neuronal projections. In hypergravity conditions, 150G force induced neuron-like cell differentiation and development of longer neurites in cultured PC12 cells (Genchi et al., 2015). Moreover, low gravity during spaceflight can induce alterations in dendritic arbor development in medi ...
Constraints on Somatotopic Organization in the Primary Motor Cortex
... wrote, “It must be emphasized . . . that this diagram is an inadequate representation of the localization pattern, since in a line drawing one cannot indicate the successive overlap which is so characteristic a feature of cortical representation. . . .” (Woolsey et al. 1952, p. 252). While the examp ...
... wrote, “It must be emphasized . . . that this diagram is an inadequate representation of the localization pattern, since in a line drawing one cannot indicate the successive overlap which is so characteristic a feature of cortical representation. . . .” (Woolsey et al. 1952, p. 252). While the examp ...
Specificity in Inhibitory Systems Associated with Prefrontal Pathways to
... to inhibitory neurons labeled for calbindin (CB) or parvalbumin (PV), which differ in mode of inhibition. Projection neurons in area 10 originated mostly in layers 2--3 and were intermingled with CB inhibitory neurons. In contrast, projections from area 32 originated predominantly in layers 5--6 amo ...
... to inhibitory neurons labeled for calbindin (CB) or parvalbumin (PV), which differ in mode of inhibition. Projection neurons in area 10 originated mostly in layers 2--3 and were intermingled with CB inhibitory neurons. In contrast, projections from area 32 originated predominantly in layers 5--6 amo ...