MSc Thesis Template Document
... brain’s activity is not yet fully defined and remains a huge research area. This project attempts to approach and understand the diversifications of brain’s responses while interfering with different situations. The aim is to observe and notice brain’s reactions to an external stimulus. Neural activ ...
... brain’s activity is not yet fully defined and remains a huge research area. This project attempts to approach and understand the diversifications of brain’s responses while interfering with different situations. The aim is to observe and notice brain’s reactions to an external stimulus. Neural activ ...
Paper - Wharton Marketing
... Monkeys attempting to maximize local intake rates over the longterm should consider handling time as well as travel time2,3. To confirm that monkeys do so, we performed an additional behavioral experiment in which handling times, but not travel times, were varied from patch to patch (11 sessions, 6 ...
... Monkeys attempting to maximize local intake rates over the longterm should consider handling time as well as travel time2,3. To confirm that monkeys do so, we performed an additional behavioral experiment in which handling times, but not travel times, were varied from patch to patch (11 sessions, 6 ...
Roles of Multiple Globus Pallidus Territories of Monkeys and
... studies revealed that the anteroventral GP communicates with the medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices, which are involved in motivational control; the anterodorsal GP communicates with the lateral prefrontal cortex, which is involved in cognitive control; and the posterior GP communicates wi ...
... studies revealed that the anteroventral GP communicates with the medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices, which are involved in motivational control; the anterodorsal GP communicates with the lateral prefrontal cortex, which is involved in cognitive control; and the posterior GP communicates wi ...
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... murine proNGF on the survival of these neurons cultured at low density at stages throughout late fetal and early postnatal development when these neurons are dependent on a supply of mNGF from their targets for survival. In control cultures (no added factors), the majority of neurons died within 48 ...
... murine proNGF on the survival of these neurons cultured at low density at stages throughout late fetal and early postnatal development when these neurons are dependent on a supply of mNGF from their targets for survival. In control cultures (no added factors), the majority of neurons died within 48 ...
A Hebbian learning rule gives rise to mirror neurons and links them
... and LMAN activity during sensory exposure (Basham et al., 1996; Roberts et al., 2012). We have learned much about the integration of sensory inputs into motor systems from single neuron studies examining responses during motor production and during matched sensory states. Among the key findings are ...
... and LMAN activity during sensory exposure (Basham et al., 1996; Roberts et al., 2012). We have learned much about the integration of sensory inputs into motor systems from single neuron studies examining responses during motor production and during matched sensory states. Among the key findings are ...
Distribution of neurons in functional areas of the mouse cerebral
... used mouse brain atlas, in which the cerebral cortex has been segmented by careful comparison of cytoarchitectonic, connectivity, and functional data (Franklin and Paxinos, 2007). The availability of these cortical subdivision maps, together with the small brain size, makes the mouse cerebral cortex ...
... used mouse brain atlas, in which the cerebral cortex has been segmented by careful comparison of cytoarchitectonic, connectivity, and functional data (Franklin and Paxinos, 2007). The availability of these cortical subdivision maps, together with the small brain size, makes the mouse cerebral cortex ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Mediates Activity
... were kept outside the incubator for ⬍1 hr per session. This imaging protocol was found not to cause any apparent ill effects to the imaged neurons or the slice culture, because most neurons remained viable and exhibited the same general dendritic morphology when imaged again 5 or 10 d later (see Fig ...
... were kept outside the incubator for ⬍1 hr per session. This imaging protocol was found not to cause any apparent ill effects to the imaged neurons or the slice culture, because most neurons remained viable and exhibited the same general dendritic morphology when imaged again 5 or 10 d later (see Fig ...
GABAergic neuron distribution in the pedunculopontine nucleus
... Indeed, recent studies have shown that there are also functional differences between the two portions of the PPN, which have been evaluated in terms of behavioral responses following excitotoxic lesions or electrical stimulation (Alderson et al., 2006, 2008; Andero et al., 2007). Taken together, the ...
... Indeed, recent studies have shown that there are also functional differences between the two portions of the PPN, which have been evaluated in terms of behavioral responses following excitotoxic lesions or electrical stimulation (Alderson et al., 2006, 2008; Andero et al., 2007). Taken together, the ...
Microstructure of the neocortex: Comparative aspects
... The appearance of the neocortex, its expansion, and its differentiation in mammals, represents one of the principal episodes in the evolution of the vertebrate brain. One of the fundamental questions in neuroscience is what is special about the neocortex of humans and how does it differ from that of ...
... The appearance of the neocortex, its expansion, and its differentiation in mammals, represents one of the principal episodes in the evolution of the vertebrate brain. One of the fundamental questions in neuroscience is what is special about the neocortex of humans and how does it differ from that of ...
How Do Neurons Communicate?
... tell us whether those particular neurons have excitatory or inhibitory effects on other cells. It also helps to tell us something about the behavior in which the neuron is engaged. In the next section, we will look at the structure of a synapse, the site where chemical communication by means of a ne ...
... tell us whether those particular neurons have excitatory or inhibitory effects on other cells. It also helps to tell us something about the behavior in which the neuron is engaged. In the next section, we will look at the structure of a synapse, the site where chemical communication by means of a ne ...
Spontaneous persistent activity in entorhinal cortex modulates
... interactions, whereby MECIII neurons produce a partial decoupling of the CA1 activity from neocortical UDS via their markedly delayed Down transitions and persistent Up states. Notably, the authors found that there was a strong correlation between a neuron’s Down-transition lag and its probability o ...
... interactions, whereby MECIII neurons produce a partial decoupling of the CA1 activity from neocortical UDS via their markedly delayed Down transitions and persistent Up states. Notably, the authors found that there was a strong correlation between a neuron’s Down-transition lag and its probability o ...
Kalirin, a Multifunctional Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor
... increase in spine density induced by ephrin B1 was blocked by a Kal-7 mutant lacking GEF activity, by a dominant negative mutant of Rac1, or by a peptide inhibitor of Pak (Penzes et al., 2003). Although these data show that Kalirin can affect process initiation and outgrowth and spine formation, ove ...
... increase in spine density induced by ephrin B1 was blocked by a Kal-7 mutant lacking GEF activity, by a dominant negative mutant of Rac1, or by a peptide inhibitor of Pak (Penzes et al., 2003). Although these data show that Kalirin can affect process initiation and outgrowth and spine formation, ove ...
Coding Rate and Duration of Vocalizations of the Frog, Xenopus laevis
... in 50 M DL-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV) (SigmaAldrich) in some experiments. To determine whether DTAM neurons expressed NMDARs, we first applied 1 M tetrodotoxin (TTX) (SigmaAldrich) to block all spike-mediated synaptic transmission. The effectiveness of TTX treatment was confirmed when ...
... in 50 M DL-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV) (SigmaAldrich) in some experiments. To determine whether DTAM neurons expressed NMDARs, we first applied 1 M tetrodotoxin (TTX) (SigmaAldrich) to block all spike-mediated synaptic transmission. The effectiveness of TTX treatment was confirmed when ...
Primitive Roles for Inhibitory Interneurons in Developing Frog Spinal
... simpler networks in developing lower vertebrates may offer insights into basic organization. To investigate the function of spinal inhibitory interneurons in Xenopus tadpoles, paired whole-cell recordings were used. We show directly that one class of interneuron, with distinctive anatomy, produces g ...
... simpler networks in developing lower vertebrates may offer insights into basic organization. To investigate the function of spinal inhibitory interneurons in Xenopus tadpoles, paired whole-cell recordings were used. We show directly that one class of interneuron, with distinctive anatomy, produces g ...
During Arm-Reaching and Isometric-Force Tasks
... the activity of many M1 neurons was modulated both by the direction in which the arm was pulled by the external forces and by the direction of movement and the static posture of the arm during unloaded arm movements. Furthermore, the directionality of arm movement– dependent and load-dependent respo ...
... the activity of many M1 neurons was modulated both by the direction in which the arm was pulled by the external forces and by the direction of movement and the static posture of the arm during unloaded arm movements. Furthermore, the directionality of arm movement– dependent and load-dependent respo ...
Neuroethology of reward and decision making
... Tobler et al. 2005). Dopamine neurons do not, however, merely signal rewards and the stimuli that predict them. Current evidence suggests that phasic bursts by dopamine neurons may correspond to the reward prediction error term initially proposed in purely behavioural models of learning (Schultz et ...
... Tobler et al. 2005). Dopamine neurons do not, however, merely signal rewards and the stimuli that predict them. Current evidence suggests that phasic bursts by dopamine neurons may correspond to the reward prediction error term initially proposed in purely behavioural models of learning (Schultz et ...
Increased responses in trigeminocervical nociceptive neurons to cervical input after
... attributed to a sensitization of central nociceptive neurons with an increased excitability to afferent input. We investigated if noxious dural stimulation evokes sensitization of second-order neurons that leads to an increased responsiveness to stimulation of cervical afferents. Recordings were mad ...
... attributed to a sensitization of central nociceptive neurons with an increased excitability to afferent input. We investigated if noxious dural stimulation evokes sensitization of second-order neurons that leads to an increased responsiveness to stimulation of cervical afferents. Recordings were mad ...
Zwicker Tone Illusion and Noise Reduction in the Auditory System
... lateral inhibition [13,14] and several types of neurons [15,16]. We list them according to the shape of their receptive field, i.e., their firing rate plotted as a function of a pure tone’s frequency f and intensity I: type I with a V-shaped response domain in the f; I plane, the ‘‘V’’ pointing at ...
... lateral inhibition [13,14] and several types of neurons [15,16]. We list them according to the shape of their receptive field, i.e., their firing rate plotted as a function of a pure tone’s frequency f and intensity I: type I with a V-shaped response domain in the f; I plane, the ‘‘V’’ pointing at ...
The Structure of Spatial Receptive Fields of Neurons in Primary
... mapped with multiple stimulus trials was usually confined to approximately one quadrant of VAS. As a rule, VSRFs were very stable over the several hours during which we studied a neuron (Brugge et al., 1994). We applied three metrics to the VSRF (also see Brugge et al., 1996). For each VSRF we compu ...
... mapped with multiple stimulus trials was usually confined to approximately one quadrant of VAS. As a rule, VSRFs were very stable over the several hours during which we studied a neuron (Brugge et al., 1994). We applied three metrics to the VSRF (also see Brugge et al., 1996). For each VSRF we compu ...
Dual single unit recording in Globus Pallidus (GP) and Subthalamic
... relationship between the two nuclei. A. An in-phase relationship is represented by firing rates that change in the same direction (increase or decrease) in both GP and STN. B An out-ofphase relationship is represented by firing rates that change in the opposite direction in GP and STN. ...
... relationship between the two nuclei. A. An in-phase relationship is represented by firing rates that change in the same direction (increase or decrease) in both GP and STN. B An out-ofphase relationship is represented by firing rates that change in the opposite direction in GP and STN. ...
Cation-Chloride Cotransporters and Neuronal Function
... GABAA and glycine receptors, CCCs also show close interactions with glutamatergic signaling. A crosstalk among CCCs and trophic factors is important in short-term and long-term modification of neuronal properties. CCCs appear to be multifunctional proteins that are also involved in shaping neuronal ...
... GABAA and glycine receptors, CCCs also show close interactions with glutamatergic signaling. A crosstalk among CCCs and trophic factors is important in short-term and long-term modification of neuronal properties. CCCs appear to be multifunctional proteins that are also involved in shaping neuronal ...
Neurofilament and Calcium-Binding Proteins in the
... 1995a). In particular, gradients of in the density of calbindin-immunoreactive neurons has been reported in the visual cortex of the macaque monkey, where the primary visual areas show much lower densities compared to visual association areas located in the parietal and temporal cortex (Kondo et al. ...
... 1995a). In particular, gradients of in the density of calbindin-immunoreactive neurons has been reported in the visual cortex of the macaque monkey, where the primary visual areas show much lower densities compared to visual association areas located in the parietal and temporal cortex (Kondo et al. ...
Extracellular Matrix Molecules and Cell Adhesion Molecules Induce
... Proteins, but Stimulates Growth on CAMs Inhibitors of protein kinase C (H7, sphingosine) inhibit CG neuron process outgrowth on LN substrates, and phorbol esters potentiate growth on suboptimal, but not optimal, LN substrates (Bixby, 1989). These results suggest that LN normally activates C kinase i ...
... Proteins, but Stimulates Growth on CAMs Inhibitors of protein kinase C (H7, sphingosine) inhibit CG neuron process outgrowth on LN substrates, and phorbol esters potentiate growth on suboptimal, but not optimal, LN substrates (Bixby, 1989). These results suggest that LN normally activates C kinase i ...