The Biological Bases of Behavior: The Neuron
... stimulation of the receptor cells, and spasms of muscles such as the heart. Norepinephrine: (NE) This compound is secreted principally from the adrenal gland. Contributes to the modulation of mood and arousal. Cocaine and amphetamines elevate activity at the NE synapses. Dopamine: (DA) Dopamine faci ...
... stimulation of the receptor cells, and spasms of muscles such as the heart. Norepinephrine: (NE) This compound is secreted principally from the adrenal gland. Contributes to the modulation of mood and arousal. Cocaine and amphetamines elevate activity at the NE synapses. Dopamine: (DA) Dopamine faci ...
My Reaction Test Score = Neural Transmission
... reflexes. The signal would travel at near the speed of light. Response time would be nearly instantaneous. The signals do have an electrical nature and messages can be initiated by electrical shocks. Rather than moving along a wire like electricity, the signals in your nervous system move by changin ...
... reflexes. The signal would travel at near the speed of light. Response time would be nearly instantaneous. The signals do have an electrical nature and messages can be initiated by electrical shocks. Rather than moving along a wire like electricity, the signals in your nervous system move by changin ...
Nervous System – Basic Organization
... i) the role of Ca+2 Binds to the vesicle to assist the vesicle to bind to pre-synaptic membrane ii) the movement of neurotransmitter vesicles and of neurotransmitter once released…move to the membrane…exocytosis and then they diffuse across gap iii) the effect of inhibitory and excitatory neurotrans ...
... i) the role of Ca+2 Binds to the vesicle to assist the vesicle to bind to pre-synaptic membrane ii) the movement of neurotransmitter vesicles and of neurotransmitter once released…move to the membrane…exocytosis and then they diffuse across gap iii) the effect of inhibitory and excitatory neurotrans ...
Chapter 17 Part A
... - sodium gates open (membrane suddenly permeable to Na+ ions) - charge inside changes to positive as Na+ ions flood interior - increases until rising voltage opposes inward flow of Na+ (peak of the graph) - repolarization from +40 mV to –65 mV - sodium gates close and potassium gates (in addition to ...
... - sodium gates open (membrane suddenly permeable to Na+ ions) - charge inside changes to positive as Na+ ions flood interior - increases until rising voltage opposes inward flow of Na+ (peak of the graph) - repolarization from +40 mV to –65 mV - sodium gates close and potassium gates (in addition to ...
The action potential and the synapses
... The elimination of the neurotransmitter from the inter-synaptic space The correct operation of a chemical synapses, is based on the constant relationship between incoming action potentials and amount of neurotransmitter released in the synaptic cleft. This presupposes the existence of disposal mech ...
... The elimination of the neurotransmitter from the inter-synaptic space The correct operation of a chemical synapses, is based on the constant relationship between incoming action potentials and amount of neurotransmitter released in the synaptic cleft. This presupposes the existence of disposal mech ...
No Slide Title
... (action potential) to the next cell? Cardiac & smooth muscle tissue have _________ ____________. Action potentials can be propagated across adjacent cells via the ___ _________, which allow ions to pass through. ...
... (action potential) to the next cell? Cardiac & smooth muscle tissue have _________ ____________. Action potentials can be propagated across adjacent cells via the ___ _________, which allow ions to pass through. ...
Biology 212: January 30, 2002
... a. Defined as a rapid, transient change in the membrane potential from negative to positive, and then negative again (back to resting potential) b. This is the nerve impulse, the “signal” of the neuron that travels along the axon. c. It is basically, “all-or-nothing”, on or off. Think digitally! 2. ...
... a. Defined as a rapid, transient change in the membrane potential from negative to positive, and then negative again (back to resting potential) b. This is the nerve impulse, the “signal” of the neuron that travels along the axon. c. It is basically, “all-or-nothing”, on or off. Think digitally! 2. ...
CH2
... CA++ ions flow into the axon CA++ ions change the structure of the proteins that bind the vesicles to the presynaptic membrane A fusion pore is opened, which results in the merging of the vesicular and presynaptic membranes ...
... CA++ ions flow into the axon CA++ ions change the structure of the proteins that bind the vesicles to the presynaptic membrane A fusion pore is opened, which results in the merging of the vesicular and presynaptic membranes ...
CH2.
... outside of the axon membrane NA+ ions are in high concentration outside the cell, while K+ ions are in high concentration inside the cell l ...
... outside of the axon membrane NA+ ions are in high concentration outside the cell, while K+ ions are in high concentration inside the cell l ...
BIOL 201: Cell Biology and Metabolism
... o Hyperpolarization: Push level more negative o Depolarization: Push level more positive If it does not pass the threshold, it gives a passive response When it passes the threshold, allows the initiation of an action potential Move fast along axon up to 100 m/s All-or-none: Get an action potential o ...
... o Hyperpolarization: Push level more negative o Depolarization: Push level more positive If it does not pass the threshold, it gives a passive response When it passes the threshold, allows the initiation of an action potential Move fast along axon up to 100 m/s All-or-none: Get an action potential o ...
Nervous System
... Changes are caused by three events Depolarization – the inside of the membrane becomes less negative Repolarization – the membrane returns to its resting membrane potential ...
... Changes are caused by three events Depolarization – the inside of the membrane becomes less negative Repolarization – the membrane returns to its resting membrane potential ...
Impulse Conduction Practice Questions
... a. Which area of the graph indicates the diffusion of Na+ ions into the neurons? Explain your answer. (2 marks) ...
... a. Which area of the graph indicates the diffusion of Na+ ions into the neurons? Explain your answer. (2 marks) ...
Nervous System
... • Action potential triggers an influx of calcium • Synaptic vesicles fuse with presynaptic membrane • Neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft • Neurotransmitters bind to receptors and open ion channels on postsynaptic membrane which sets off new action potential • Neurotransmitters are degrade ...
... • Action potential triggers an influx of calcium • Synaptic vesicles fuse with presynaptic membrane • Neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft • Neurotransmitters bind to receptors and open ion channels on postsynaptic membrane which sets off new action potential • Neurotransmitters are degrade ...
LECTURE.6.ActPotential
... inward sodium current to further depolarize region, thereby opening more channels ...
... inward sodium current to further depolarize region, thereby opening more channels ...
Biological Bases of Behavior : Quiz 1
... The right hemisphere of a person who has had a splitbrain operation can no longer a. control the movements of their right hand. b. respond to verbal instructions. c. produce speech. d. receive sensory signals. Multipolar neurons have a. many dendritic trees. b. one soma. c. one axon. d. All of the o ...
... The right hemisphere of a person who has had a splitbrain operation can no longer a. control the movements of their right hand. b. respond to verbal instructions. c. produce speech. d. receive sensory signals. Multipolar neurons have a. many dendritic trees. b. one soma. c. one axon. d. All of the o ...
Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
... Sodium channels open once threshold is reached causing an influx of sodium: depolarization to +50 mv Potassium channels open as the action potential approaches its peak allowing potassium to flow out of the cell: hyperpolarization to -70mv. ...
... Sodium channels open once threshold is reached causing an influx of sodium: depolarization to +50 mv Potassium channels open as the action potential approaches its peak allowing potassium to flow out of the cell: hyperpolarization to -70mv. ...
Nervous System - EMTStudyCenter.com
... responses to changes. 6. The different charge between the outside and the inside of a neuron at rest is called action potential. synaptic potential. resting membrane potential. equilibrium potential. 7. The stage in an action potential that immediately follows depolarization is polarization. repolar ...
... responses to changes. 6. The different charge between the outside and the inside of a neuron at rest is called action potential. synaptic potential. resting membrane potential. equilibrium potential. 7. The stage in an action potential that immediately follows depolarization is polarization. repolar ...
Anionic proteins are trapped Inside the cell
... • The membrane potential when the channels for a particular ion are open is called the equilibrium potential for that particular ion. • At EK+ the rate of ions moving in due to the electrical gradient equals the rate of ions leaving because of the concentration gradient. • EK+ is close to the restin ...
... • The membrane potential when the channels for a particular ion are open is called the equilibrium potential for that particular ion. • At EK+ the rate of ions moving in due to the electrical gradient equals the rate of ions leaving because of the concentration gradient. • EK+ is close to the restin ...
Nervous System Review CNS PNS Terms to know Neurons Action
... A neuron with a cell body that has many extensions is called a A. Unipolar B. Multipolar C. bipolar ...
... A neuron with a cell body that has many extensions is called a A. Unipolar B. Multipolar C. bipolar ...
Biology 212: January 30, 2002
... in the part of the membrane about to generate the AP (a.k.a. “depolarization). See later sections on propagation of AP and IPSPs/EPSPs to understand how the membrane can depolarize enough to reach threshold. Once the voltage-gated sodium channels open, the membrane is nearly 1000 times more permea ...
... in the part of the membrane about to generate the AP (a.k.a. “depolarization). See later sections on propagation of AP and IPSPs/EPSPs to understand how the membrane can depolarize enough to reach threshold. Once the voltage-gated sodium channels open, the membrane is nearly 1000 times more permea ...
Q4 Describe the factors that affect the flux of
... directly proportional to the concentration gradient across the membrane. Temperature à temperature affects the calculation of the Nernst equation Aldosterone à upregulates Na/K ATPase to increase K uptake int ...
... directly proportional to the concentration gradient across the membrane. Temperature à temperature affects the calculation of the Nernst equation Aldosterone à upregulates Na/K ATPase to increase K uptake int ...
Membrane potential
... • Sodium (Na+) – Concentration inside the neuron is lower than the concentration outside ...
... • Sodium (Na+) – Concentration inside the neuron is lower than the concentration outside ...
Neurophysiology Neurotransmitter and Nervous System
... bouton, it causes Ca++ channels to open. This causes the vesicles to move to the membrane and release a chemical called a neurotransmitter to be released into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane which cause chang ...
... bouton, it causes Ca++ channels to open. This causes the vesicles to move to the membrane and release a chemical called a neurotransmitter to be released into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane which cause chang ...
Action potential
In physiology, an action potential is a short-lasting event in which the electrical membrane potential of a cell rapidly rises and falls, following a consistent trajectory. Action potentials occur in several types of animal cells, called excitable cells, which include neurons, muscle cells, and endocrine cells, as well as in some plant cells. In neurons, they play a central role in cell-to-cell communication. In other types of cells, their main function is to activate intracellular processes. In muscle cells, for example, an action potential is the first step in the chain of events leading to contraction. In beta cells of the pancreas, they provoke release of insulin. Action potentials in neurons are also known as ""nerve impulses"" or ""spikes"", and the temporal sequence of action potentials generated by a neuron is called its ""spike train"". A neuron that emits an action potential is often said to ""fire"".Action potentials are generated by special types of voltage-gated ion channels embedded in a cell's plasma membrane. These channels are shut when the membrane potential is near the resting potential of the cell, but they rapidly begin to open if the membrane potential increases to a precisely defined threshold value. When the channels open (in response to depolarization in transmembrane voltage), they allow an inward flow of sodium ions, which changes the electrochemical gradient, which in turn produces a further rise in the membrane potential. This then causes more channels to open, producing a greater electric current across the cell membrane, and so on. The process proceeds explosively until all of the available ion channels are open, resulting in a large upswing in the membrane potential. The rapid influx of sodium ions causes the polarity of the plasma membrane to reverse, and the ion channels then rapidly inactivate. As the sodium channels close, sodium ions can no longer enter the neuron, and then they are actively transported back out of the plasma membrane. Potassium channels are then activated, and there is an outward current of potassium ions, returning the electrochemical gradient to the resting state. After an action potential has occurred, there is a transient negative shift, called the afterhyperpolarization or refractory period, due to additional potassium currents. This mechanism prevents an action potential from traveling back the way it just came.In animal cells, there are two primary types of action potentials. One type is generated by voltage-gated sodium channels, the other by voltage-gated calcium channels. Sodium-based action potentials usually last for under one millisecond, whereas calcium-based action potentials may last for 100 milliseconds or longer. In some types of neurons, slow calcium spikes provide the driving force for a long burst of rapidly emitted sodium spikes. In cardiac muscle cells, on the other hand, an initial fast sodium spike provides a ""primer"" to provoke the rapid onset of a calcium spike, which then produces muscle contraction.