The thalamus as a monitor of motor outputs
... of area 17, each innervating the thalamus (the lateral geniculate nucleus or pulvinar region, respectively) and also sending a branch to the midbrain, can be treated as a part of a sensory system on the way to the cortex, and when it is, the receptive field properties that relate to retinal coordina ...
... of area 17, each innervating the thalamus (the lateral geniculate nucleus or pulvinar region, respectively) and also sending a branch to the midbrain, can be treated as a part of a sensory system on the way to the cortex, and when it is, the receptive field properties that relate to retinal coordina ...
Neurotransmitter Function
... button, transmitter is released. Ca++ (calcium) channels open in the membrane Ca++ enters and fuses with the synaptic vesicles that are docked to the membrane Vesicles then release neurotransmitter into the ...
... button, transmitter is released. Ca++ (calcium) channels open in the membrane Ca++ enters and fuses with the synaptic vesicles that are docked to the membrane Vesicles then release neurotransmitter into the ...
Hindbrain Glucoprivation Effects on Gastric Vagal Reflex Circuits
... were secured in a stereotaxic frame. A midline incision was made in the scalp and the cervical musculature was retracted. The foramen magnum was opened; removal of the dura and arachnoid membranes exposed the caudal portion of the floor of the fourth ventricle. Extracellular electrophysiological rec ...
... were secured in a stereotaxic frame. A midline incision was made in the scalp and the cervical musculature was retracted. The foramen magnum was opened; removal of the dura and arachnoid membranes exposed the caudal portion of the floor of the fourth ventricle. Extracellular electrophysiological rec ...
midbrain Brain stem
... Working memory for object-recall tasks Solving complex, multitask problems ...
... Working memory for object-recall tasks Solving complex, multitask problems ...
stretch reflex 2
... ●Mechanism of clonus: • Clonus is the result of a stretch reflex inverse stretch reflex sequence, which occurs as follows : • Sudden stretch of the ms results in its contraction through the stretch reflex. • This is followed by relaxation due to; a) stoppage of impulse discharge from the ms spindles ...
... ●Mechanism of clonus: • Clonus is the result of a stretch reflex inverse stretch reflex sequence, which occurs as follows : • Sudden stretch of the ms results in its contraction through the stretch reflex. • This is followed by relaxation due to; a) stoppage of impulse discharge from the ms spindles ...
Effects of activity-dependent strategies on regeneration and
... avoid possible damage to the sutured nerve, and also due to the lack of clear evidence that exercise is beneficial at very early stages of regeneration. Little is known about the possible differential effects of passive, voluntary or forced exercise paradigms, differences that might affect the interp ...
... avoid possible damage to the sutured nerve, and also due to the lack of clear evidence that exercise is beneficial at very early stages of regeneration. Little is known about the possible differential effects of passive, voluntary or forced exercise paradigms, differences that might affect the interp ...
NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS NEURONAL ACTIVITY DURING A
... DOMENIC CERRI: Nucleus accumbens neuronal activity during a sensory preconditioning task (Under the direction of Regina M. Carelli) The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is involved in associative learning and motivated behavior but its role in Sensory Preconditioning (SPC) remains unknown. ...
... DOMENIC CERRI: Nucleus accumbens neuronal activity during a sensory preconditioning task (Under the direction of Regina M. Carelli) The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is involved in associative learning and motivated behavior but its role in Sensory Preconditioning (SPC) remains unknown. ...
Sleep and metabolism: Role of hypothalamic
... Sleep and metabolism are intertwined physiologically and behaviorally, but the neural systems underlying their coordination are still poorly understood. The hypothalamus is likely to play a major role in the regulation sleep, metabolism, and their interaction. And increasing evidence suggests that h ...
... Sleep and metabolism are intertwined physiologically and behaviorally, but the neural systems underlying their coordination are still poorly understood. The hypothalamus is likely to play a major role in the regulation sleep, metabolism, and their interaction. And increasing evidence suggests that h ...
The Familial Dysautonomia disease gene, Ikbkap/Elp1, is required
... (Table 2), which we attribute to the absence of Cre expression in the hippocampus (Fig.1g and S1a,b). Given the critical role that CNS regulatory structures play in autonomic nervous system (ANS) output, we examined three different ANS neuronal populations in the CNS. Because human FD pathology stud ...
... (Table 2), which we attribute to the absence of Cre expression in the hippocampus (Fig.1g and S1a,b). Given the critical role that CNS regulatory structures play in autonomic nervous system (ANS) output, we examined three different ANS neuronal populations in the CNS. Because human FD pathology stud ...
Likelihood approaches to sensory coding in auditory cortex
... removal of parameters that particular areas of cortex may be specialized for. An approach within the formal likelihood framework can eliminate nuisance parameters by profiling or integrating out parameters, and affords an analysis of the impact of parameter reduction on information. Under some condi ...
... removal of parameters that particular areas of cortex may be specialized for. An approach within the formal likelihood framework can eliminate nuisance parameters by profiling or integrating out parameters, and affords an analysis of the impact of parameter reduction on information. Under some condi ...
Spinal sympathetic interneurons: Their identification and roles after
... great extent because they are difficult to identify. Therefore, this chapter begins with descriptions of both neurophysiological and neuroanatomical criteria for identifying spinal sympathetic interneurons, and it discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each. Spinal sympathetic interneurons als ...
... great extent because they are difficult to identify. Therefore, this chapter begins with descriptions of both neurophysiological and neuroanatomical criteria for identifying spinal sympathetic interneurons, and it discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each. Spinal sympathetic interneurons als ...
cortical input to the basal forebrain
... forebrain cholinergic projection neurons (BFC). Furthermore, an electron microscopic study in rat suggested that corticopetal neurons in the ventromedial globus pallidus receive synaptic input from the insular cortex.53 The verification of actual synaptic contact between these afferent fiber systems ...
... forebrain cholinergic projection neurons (BFC). Furthermore, an electron microscopic study in rat suggested that corticopetal neurons in the ventromedial globus pallidus receive synaptic input from the insular cortex.53 The verification of actual synaptic contact between these afferent fiber systems ...
Full PDF
... driven by inputs originating high in the nervous system (forebrain) rather than inputs originating from lower levels.” These and related findings led Zhang et al. (196) to conclude that hypocretinergic neurons “in the lateral hypothalamus play a role as a master switch to activate multiple efferent ...
... driven by inputs originating high in the nervous system (forebrain) rather than inputs originating from lower levels.” These and related findings led Zhang et al. (196) to conclude that hypocretinergic neurons “in the lateral hypothalamus play a role as a master switch to activate multiple efferent ...
All-Optical Interrogation of Neural Circuits
... lenko et al., 2007; Dal Maschio et al., 2010; Anselmi et al., 2011), which lacks genetic specificity. Moreover, none of these approaches has provided true single-action-potential and single-neuron resolution for simultaneous readout and manipulation, particularly in vivo. Here we first describe the ...
... lenko et al., 2007; Dal Maschio et al., 2010; Anselmi et al., 2011), which lacks genetic specificity. Moreover, none of these approaches has provided true single-action-potential and single-neuron resolution for simultaneous readout and manipulation, particularly in vivo. Here we first describe the ...
Review - Wesleyan University
... six amino acids (Nogo-66) found in all three Nogo isoforms (23). monoclonal antibody resulted in substantial axonal sprouting and Fortunately, significant progress has been made in the recent some long-distance corticospinal axonal regeneration within the identification and cloning of a receptor for ...
... six amino acids (Nogo-66) found in all three Nogo isoforms (23). monoclonal antibody resulted in substantial axonal sprouting and Fortunately, significant progress has been made in the recent some long-distance corticospinal axonal regeneration within the identification and cloning of a receptor for ...
Neuronal representation of visual motion and orientation in the fly
... in many structural aspects, still they utilize many design principles in common, such as their parallel processing of information about color, form and motion (Sanes and Zipursky, 2010). In vertebrates, some of the neuronal mechanisms that are necessary for pattern discrimination are relatively well ...
... in many structural aspects, still they utilize many design principles in common, such as their parallel processing of information about color, form and motion (Sanes and Zipursky, 2010). In vertebrates, some of the neuronal mechanisms that are necessary for pattern discrimination are relatively well ...
MUSCLE Three types of muscles based on morphological and
... One cannot simultaneously fire all the motor units in a muscle. The motor neurons fire in an asynchronous pattern. o Prevents fatigue of the muscle. o Maintaining a nearly constant tension in the muscle. Both Parkinson ‘s disease and normal shivering inhibit the subcortical centers in the brain, a ...
... One cannot simultaneously fire all the motor units in a muscle. The motor neurons fire in an asynchronous pattern. o Prevents fatigue of the muscle. o Maintaining a nearly constant tension in the muscle. Both Parkinson ‘s disease and normal shivering inhibit the subcortical centers in the brain, a ...
The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex
... columnar modules with the same number of neurons underneath a unit area of cortical surface. This view is based on the work of Rockel et al. [Rockel AJ, Hiorns RW, Powell TP (1980) The basic uniformity in structure of the neocortex. Brain 103:221–244], who found a steady number of approximately 110 ...
... columnar modules with the same number of neurons underneath a unit area of cortical surface. This view is based on the work of Rockel et al. [Rockel AJ, Hiorns RW, Powell TP (1980) The basic uniformity in structure of the neocortex. Brain 103:221–244], who found a steady number of approximately 110 ...
judasMRT99
... whereas other NADPH-d cells are located deep within the layer I and have a spray of descending beaded processes ramifying in layers II and superficial part of the layer III. In the developing neocortex of rats and mice, nitrinergic neurons are usually not observed in the marginal zone (MZ), i.e., th ...
... whereas other NADPH-d cells are located deep within the layer I and have a spray of descending beaded processes ramifying in layers II and superficial part of the layer III. In the developing neocortex of rats and mice, nitrinergic neurons are usually not observed in the marginal zone (MZ), i.e., th ...
Projections from the brain to the spinal cord in the mouse Huazheng
... were then mounted in a mouse stereotaxic head holder (Kopf Instruments). A 5 µl Hamilton syringe was mounted on a micromanipulator for spinal cord injection. The mouse adaptor was adjusted for optimal exposure of the upper cervical vertebrae. The first and second cervical spinal cord segments were e ...
... were then mounted in a mouse stereotaxic head holder (Kopf Instruments). A 5 µl Hamilton syringe was mounted on a micromanipulator for spinal cord injection. The mouse adaptor was adjusted for optimal exposure of the upper cervical vertebrae. The first and second cervical spinal cord segments were e ...