Hikosaka O - lsr
... rats the normal sleep pattern and atonia are restored15,17. Second, the firing of habenula neurons shows circadian rhythmicity 18, even in slice preparations19. Third, neural activity of the LHb or the MHb increases markedly during drug-induced general anesthaesia20–22 and emerging evidence suggests ...
... rats the normal sleep pattern and atonia are restored15,17. Second, the firing of habenula neurons shows circadian rhythmicity 18, even in slice preparations19. Third, neural activity of the LHb or the MHb increases markedly during drug-induced general anesthaesia20–22 and emerging evidence suggests ...
Original Article Female Rat Hippocampal Cell
... belong to a large family of G protein-coupled receptors and play an important physiological role (Piestrzeniewicz et al., 2006). Recent reports support the view that the hippocampus is also involved in addiction to opiates and other drugs. Some studies suggest that the hippocampus is important for r ...
... belong to a large family of G protein-coupled receptors and play an important physiological role (Piestrzeniewicz et al., 2006). Recent reports support the view that the hippocampus is also involved in addiction to opiates and other drugs. Some studies suggest that the hippocampus is important for r ...
1 - Libreria Universo
... Abstract The human penis is composed of the paired dorsal corpora cavernosa and the ventral corpus spongiosum each of which is encased within a fibrous sheath, the tunica albuginea, and then all of which are enclosed within Buck’s fascia, Colles’ fascia, and the skin. The spongiosum contains the ur ...
... Abstract The human penis is composed of the paired dorsal corpora cavernosa and the ventral corpus spongiosum each of which is encased within a fibrous sheath, the tunica albuginea, and then all of which are enclosed within Buck’s fascia, Colles’ fascia, and the skin. The spongiosum contains the ur ...
The basis of the stress reaction
... is not nervous tension6, as it can occur in lower animals and even in plants7 which have no nervous systems. Further, Seley6 pointed out other facts. It is necessary to consider hormone response in addition to nervous response. Stress is not only the release of ‘emergency’ hormones from the adrenal ...
... is not nervous tension6, as it can occur in lower animals and even in plants7 which have no nervous systems. Further, Seley6 pointed out other facts. It is necessary to consider hormone response in addition to nervous response. Stress is not only the release of ‘emergency’ hormones from the adrenal ...
brain derived neurotrophic factor transport and physiological
... Neurotrophins are important signaling molecules in neuronal survival and differentiation. The precursor forms of neurotrophins (proneurotrophins) are the dominant form of gene products in animals, which are cleaved to generate prodomain and mature neurotrophins, and are sorted to constitutive or reg ...
... Neurotrophins are important signaling molecules in neuronal survival and differentiation. The precursor forms of neurotrophins (proneurotrophins) are the dominant form of gene products in animals, which are cleaved to generate prodomain and mature neurotrophins, and are sorted to constitutive or reg ...
The Formation of Specific Synaptic Connections Between Muscle
... affected forelimb were made (see Results), motoneurons projecting to triceps muscles in both forelimbs were retrogradely labeled with HRP (Boehringer Mannheim Type II) under tricaine anesthesia. On the control (left) side, a pellet of recrystallized HRP was applied to the freshly cut ends of all tri ...
... affected forelimb were made (see Results), motoneurons projecting to triceps muscles in both forelimbs were retrogradely labeled with HRP (Boehringer Mannheim Type II) under tricaine anesthesia. On the control (left) side, a pellet of recrystallized HRP was applied to the freshly cut ends of all tri ...
Coding of relative size in monkey inferotemporal cortex
... between the stimuli, we first calculated a measure of population dissimilarity for each pair of versions, which was simply the absolute difference in firing rate elicited by the two versions averaged across the relevant population, in a window of 70 –270 ms after image onset (other time intervals yi ...
... between the stimuli, we first calculated a measure of population dissimilarity for each pair of versions, which was simply the absolute difference in firing rate elicited by the two versions averaged across the relevant population, in a window of 70 –270 ms after image onset (other time intervals yi ...
Axonal Dopamine Receptors Activate Peripheral Spike
... in Figure 2 B is the actual first extraburst spike recorded in response to the dopamine application. By that time, the cycle frequency had already increased by a factor of !2.5. The increased burst frequency seen in dopamine was accompanied by a small depolarization of the PD neurons and a slight hy ...
... in Figure 2 B is the actual first extraburst spike recorded in response to the dopamine application. By that time, the cycle frequency had already increased by a factor of !2.5. The increased burst frequency seen in dopamine was accompanied by a small depolarization of the PD neurons and a slight hy ...
Supranuclear control of ocular motility
... Gaze-holding mechanisms act to prevent slip of images on the retina. Steady gaze-holding is achieved by collaboration of vestibular and visually mediated mechanisms. Vestibulo-ocular reflexes operate during locomotion, generating compensatory eye movements to counteract high-frequency head perturbat ...
... Gaze-holding mechanisms act to prevent slip of images on the retina. Steady gaze-holding is achieved by collaboration of vestibular and visually mediated mechanisms. Vestibulo-ocular reflexes operate during locomotion, generating compensatory eye movements to counteract high-frequency head perturbat ...
University of Birmingham Drosophila neurotrophins reveal a
... to target size [1]. Neurotrophins (NTs) are the major class of molecules promoting neuronal survival in vertebrates. They also control cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation, and they are required for axonal and dendritic elaborations, synaptic plasticity, excitability, and long-term potent ...
... to target size [1]. Neurotrophins (NTs) are the major class of molecules promoting neuronal survival in vertebrates. They also control cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation, and they are required for axonal and dendritic elaborations, synaptic plasticity, excitability, and long-term potent ...
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
... The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) receives dense terminations from cranial visceral afferents, including those from the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Although the NTS integrates peripheral satiety signals and relays this signal to central feeding centers, little is known about which NTS neurons a ...
... The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) receives dense terminations from cranial visceral afferents, including those from the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Although the NTS integrates peripheral satiety signals and relays this signal to central feeding centers, little is known about which NTS neurons a ...
Vision in Drosophila - University of Queensland
... function, such as visual perception. Vision proved an ideal modality for early behavioral studies in D. melanogaster because flies display strong phototaxic responses (61) (Figure 3a). To measure fly responsiveness to light, Benzer (3), who actually had a background in virus research, used an apparatu ...
... function, such as visual perception. Vision proved an ideal modality for early behavioral studies in D. melanogaster because flies display strong phototaxic responses (61) (Figure 3a). To measure fly responsiveness to light, Benzer (3), who actually had a background in virus research, used an apparatu ...
Input evoked nonlinearities in silicon dendritic circuits
... Fig. 2. Simplified schematics of the synaptic circuits in each compartment. The top left schematic shows the circuit for AMPA synapse, which is modeled as a low-pass filter (LPF). The top right schematic shows the NMDA synapse, which has a relatively long time constant and is sensitive to both the l ...
... Fig. 2. Simplified schematics of the synaptic circuits in each compartment. The top left schematic shows the circuit for AMPA synapse, which is modeled as a low-pass filter (LPF). The top right schematic shows the NMDA synapse, which has a relatively long time constant and is sensitive to both the l ...
The non-classical auditory pathways are involved in hearing in
... individuals that we studied experienced an increase in loudness when their median nerve was stimulated while a few individuals experienced a decrease in loudness is in agreement with the reported findings that cells in the ICX can respond to both auditory and somatosensory stimulation and can either ...
... individuals that we studied experienced an increase in loudness when their median nerve was stimulated while a few individuals experienced a decrease in loudness is in agreement with the reported findings that cells in the ICX can respond to both auditory and somatosensory stimulation and can either ...
Horizontal Synaptic Connections in Monkey Prefrontal Cortex: An In
... projections were well preserved in PFC slices cut in the coronal plane. Postsynaptic currents were evoked by low-intensity electrical extracellular stimulation applied successively to 20–30 discrete sites located up to 2200 µm lateral to the recorded cell. Several criteria were applied to discrimina ...
... projections were well preserved in PFC slices cut in the coronal plane. Postsynaptic currents were evoked by low-intensity electrical extracellular stimulation applied successively to 20–30 discrete sites located up to 2200 µm lateral to the recorded cell. Several criteria were applied to discrimina ...
Reinforcement learning, conditioning, and the brain
... functions of the current state rather than of the entire history) and computationally more efficient to solve (because we need only to remember and work with the current state, not the entire history). It is important to realize that it is the environment—not the agent—that is assumed to have the Ma ...
... functions of the current state rather than of the entire history) and computationally more efficient to solve (because we need only to remember and work with the current state, not the entire history). It is important to realize that it is the environment—not the agent—that is assumed to have the Ma ...
ELECTRODEPOSITION OF ALLOYS, 1930 TO 1940.1 By Ci
... either DiMe-SP or [Sar9, Met (O2)11]SP was injected into the same site from another barrel of the triple-barrel micropipette. Pretreatment with WIN 51708 failed to fully block the rise in ABP following DiMe-SP, still significantly different from baseline with an increase of 11 ⫾ 3 mmHg from 107 ⫾ 5 ...
... either DiMe-SP or [Sar9, Met (O2)11]SP was injected into the same site from another barrel of the triple-barrel micropipette. Pretreatment with WIN 51708 failed to fully block the rise in ABP following DiMe-SP, still significantly different from baseline with an increase of 11 ⫾ 3 mmHg from 107 ⫾ 5 ...
The human medial geniculate body
... of neurons and the patterns of neuropil organization between nuclei. In fact, the human medial geniculate body has usually been treated as containing rather few discrete architectonic territories, each with relatively homogeneous types of cells generally large or small, with little effort made to sy ...
... of neurons and the patterns of neuropil organization between nuclei. In fact, the human medial geniculate body has usually been treated as containing rather few discrete architectonic territories, each with relatively homogeneous types of cells generally large or small, with little effort made to sy ...