Axonal wiring of guanylate cyclase-D
... axonal wiring in the mouse. Most of the efforts have been on the two major cell types of the olfactory system, olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), expressing odorant receptor (OR) genes, and vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs), expressing vomeronasal receptor (VR) genes. Axons of OSNs expressing the sa ...
... axonal wiring in the mouse. Most of the efforts have been on the two major cell types of the olfactory system, olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), expressing odorant receptor (OR) genes, and vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs), expressing vomeronasal receptor (VR) genes. Axons of OSNs expressing the sa ...
Encoding of Action History in the Rat Ventral Striatum
... value functions based on the reward prediction errors are not well understood. Clearly, this updating mechanism has to integrate multiple types of signals, such as value functions and reward prediction errors. In addition, the process of reinforcement learning would be greatly facilitated if memory ...
... value functions based on the reward prediction errors are not well understood. Clearly, this updating mechanism has to integrate multiple types of signals, such as value functions and reward prediction errors. In addition, the process of reinforcement learning would be greatly facilitated if memory ...
18
... retinal images, are only two-dimensional? There are multiple depth-cues exploited by the brain to create a 3D model of the world. Despite the importance of this subject both for scientists and engineers, the underlying computational mechanisms of the stereo vision in the human brain is still largely ...
... retinal images, are only two-dimensional? There are multiple depth-cues exploited by the brain to create a 3D model of the world. Despite the importance of this subject both for scientists and engineers, the underlying computational mechanisms of the stereo vision in the human brain is still largely ...
Perception of three-dimensional structure from motion
... direction-selective. MT, in turn, projects to the medial superior temporal area (MST), which contains directioncylinders, we have also demonstrated selective cells as well as cells (primarily in the dorsal portion, MSTd) tuned for complex motion patterns such as that MT is involved in the depth orde ...
... direction-selective. MT, in turn, projects to the medial superior temporal area (MST), which contains directioncylinders, we have also demonstrated selective cells as well as cells (primarily in the dorsal portion, MSTd) tuned for complex motion patterns such as that MT is involved in the depth orde ...
Long-range GABAergic neurons in the prefrontal cortex modulate
... J, Rosas-Vidal LE, Bravo-Rivera H, Quiñones-Laracuente K, DoMonte FH. Long-range GABAergic neurons in the prefrontal cortex modulate behavior. J Neurophysiol 114: 1357–1359, 2015. First published December 17, 2014; doi:10.1152/jn.00861.2014.—Cortical glutamatergic projections are extensively studied ...
... J, Rosas-Vidal LE, Bravo-Rivera H, Quiñones-Laracuente K, DoMonte FH. Long-range GABAergic neurons in the prefrontal cortex modulate behavior. J Neurophysiol 114: 1357–1359, 2015. First published December 17, 2014; doi:10.1152/jn.00861.2014.—Cortical glutamatergic projections are extensively studied ...
Olfactory maps, circuits and computations
... reconciles the idea that olfactory space is discrete (via molecular feature encoding within discrete glomeruli) with the notion that continuous sensory maps are often built in two-dimensional sheets, raising the possibility that the bulb contains a topographically-organized map for smell not so diff ...
... reconciles the idea that olfactory space is discrete (via molecular feature encoding within discrete glomeruli) with the notion that continuous sensory maps are often built in two-dimensional sheets, raising the possibility that the bulb contains a topographically-organized map for smell not so diff ...
Chapter 35: Kandel - krigolson teaching
... the underlying mechanisms is one of the challenging areas of contemporary research on motor systems. Second, sensory input from a localized source generally produces coordinated reflex responses in several muscles at once, some of which may be distant from the stimulus. Third, supraspinal centers pl ...
... the underlying mechanisms is one of the challenging areas of contemporary research on motor systems. Second, sensory input from a localized source generally produces coordinated reflex responses in several muscles at once, some of which may be distant from the stimulus. Third, supraspinal centers pl ...
Mirror neurons responding to the observation of ingestive and
... coworkers in human subjects (Jarvelainen et al., 2001). These authors found that brain activation as recorded by MEG was higher when subjects observed hand actions made in a natural situation than when they observed hand actions presented on a screen. Given these interesting but disappointing (at le ...
... coworkers in human subjects (Jarvelainen et al., 2001). These authors found that brain activation as recorded by MEG was higher when subjects observed hand actions made in a natural situation than when they observed hand actions presented on a screen. Given these interesting but disappointing (at le ...
Immunohistochemical description of the endogenous cannabinoid
... We have evaluated the presence of CB1 and CB2 receptors, FAAH, MAGL, DAGL␣, DAGL, and NAPE-PLD in the adult rat cerebellum by immunohistochemistry. Manipulation of animals was in accordance with the European Communities Council Directives (86/609/EEC) on the treatment of experimental animals. Adult ...
... We have evaluated the presence of CB1 and CB2 receptors, FAAH, MAGL, DAGL␣, DAGL, and NAPE-PLD in the adult rat cerebellum by immunohistochemistry. Manipulation of animals was in accordance with the European Communities Council Directives (86/609/EEC) on the treatment of experimental animals. Adult ...
Somatodendritic dopamine release - Philosophical Transactions of
... at dendro-dendritic synapses. Despite strong evidence to support this interpretation [23,24,26,55,69,72], this is not fully consistent with anatomical data given that dendro-dendritic synapses [77 –79] are absent in DA dendrite-rich SNr [78] and are relatively rare in SNc and VTA [78]. Moreover, Pic ...
... at dendro-dendritic synapses. Despite strong evidence to support this interpretation [23,24,26,55,69,72], this is not fully consistent with anatomical data given that dendro-dendritic synapses [77 –79] are absent in DA dendrite-rich SNr [78] and are relatively rare in SNc and VTA [78]. Moreover, Pic ...
Effect of Lesions of the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus on NREM and
... aggregation whose neurons are slightly larger and more darkly stained than those in the adjacent preoptic region but smaller and less darkly stained than those in supraoptic neurons. However, in lesioned animals these distinctions can be difficult. Furthermore, the V L PO is surrounded by other Niss ...
... aggregation whose neurons are slightly larger and more darkly stained than those in the adjacent preoptic region but smaller and less darkly stained than those in supraoptic neurons. However, in lesioned animals these distinctions can be difficult. Furthermore, the V L PO is surrounded by other Niss ...
Sensitization of the Trigeminal Sensory System During Different
... The protocols for these experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and conformed to the guidelines set by the National Institutes of Health guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. Female Sprague–Dawley rats weighing between 220 and 270 g purchased from Har ...
... The protocols for these experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and conformed to the guidelines set by the National Institutes of Health guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. Female Sprague–Dawley rats weighing between 220 and 270 g purchased from Har ...
Delayed Puberty but Normal Fertility in Mice With Selective Deletion
... colocalization were determined in the AVPV and in 2 rostro-tocaudal levels of the ARC. Cells were counted in one side of a determined level of each nucleus. We considered cells dual-labeled if the density of silver grains (33P-labeled riboprobe) overlying a green fluorescent cytoplasm was at least 3 ...
... colocalization were determined in the AVPV and in 2 rostro-tocaudal levels of the ARC. Cells were counted in one side of a determined level of each nucleus. We considered cells dual-labeled if the density of silver grains (33P-labeled riboprobe) overlying a green fluorescent cytoplasm was at least 3 ...
The Language of Anatomy
... ost of us are naturally curious about our bodies. This fact is amply demon strated by infants, who are fascinated with their own waving hands or their mother's nose. Unlike the infant, however, the student of anatomy must learn to observe and identify the dissectible body structures formaJly. When ...
... ost of us are naturally curious about our bodies. This fact is amply demon strated by infants, who are fascinated with their own waving hands or their mother's nose. Unlike the infant, however, the student of anatomy must learn to observe and identify the dissectible body structures formaJly. When ...
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... neuroscience, and equip you with the tools to extrapolate this knowledge into areas that are not covered by the course. At the end of this module you should be able to read and understan ...
... neuroscience, and equip you with the tools to extrapolate this knowledge into areas that are not covered by the course. At the end of this module you should be able to read and understan ...
Intrinsic and synaptic plasticity in the vestibular system
... lines. Head movement information is carried by the vestibular nerve to neurons in the vestibular nucleus. These neurons then excite ocular motoneurons to drive compensatory eye movements. VOR plasticity involves a cerebellar circuit in which head movement information is transmitted to granule cells ...
... lines. Head movement information is carried by the vestibular nerve to neurons in the vestibular nucleus. These neurons then excite ocular motoneurons to drive compensatory eye movements. VOR plasticity involves a cerebellar circuit in which head movement information is transmitted to granule cells ...
Central Neuropeptide Y Signaling Ameliorates N
... The novel observation from this study was that transgenic overexpression of NPY under its natural promoter in the rat significantly ameliorated L-NAME hypertension. A similar effect was demonstrated during long-term intracerebroventricular infusion of synthetic NPY in the wild-type rats. Furthermore ...
... The novel observation from this study was that transgenic overexpression of NPY under its natural promoter in the rat significantly ameliorated L-NAME hypertension. A similar effect was demonstrated during long-term intracerebroventricular infusion of synthetic NPY in the wild-type rats. Furthermore ...
Prefrontal cortex in humans and apes: A comparative study of area 10
... wide, its cells have a homogeneous distribution, and a slight size gradient is evident as one approaches layer IV. The pyramids are darkly stained. Layer IV is clearly evident, but thin, and includes small cells with medium staining. Its borders with layers III and V are easily seen. Layer Va includ ...
... wide, its cells have a homogeneous distribution, and a slight size gradient is evident as one approaches layer IV. The pyramids are darkly stained. Layer IV is clearly evident, but thin, and includes small cells with medium staining. Its borders with layers III and V are easily seen. Layer Va includ ...
Dopamine: a potential substrate for synaptic plasticity and memory
... It is only recently that a number of studies on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and other brain areas have considered that a heterosynaptic modulatory input could be recruited as well as the coincident firing of pre- and post-synaptic neurons. So far, the strongest evidence for such a regulat ...
... It is only recently that a number of studies on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and other brain areas have considered that a heterosynaptic modulatory input could be recruited as well as the coincident firing of pre- and post-synaptic neurons. So far, the strongest evidence for such a regulat ...
Cognon Neural Model Software Verification and
... Little is known yet about how the brain can recognize arbitrary sensory patterns within milliseconds using neural spikes to communicate information between neurons. In a typical brain there are several layers of neurons, with each neuron axon connecting to ∼ 104 synapses of neurons in an adjacent la ...
... Little is known yet about how the brain can recognize arbitrary sensory patterns within milliseconds using neural spikes to communicate information between neurons. In a typical brain there are several layers of neurons, with each neuron axon connecting to ∼ 104 synapses of neurons in an adjacent la ...
Xenopus laevis Retinal Ganglion Cell Dendritic Arbors Develop
... activity have examined RGC axon development at the target, neuronal activity is also important in the development of dendritic arbors within the retina. In one study, TTX was used to block action potentials in the eyes of kittens (Wong et al., 1991). RGCs in eyes deprived of neuronal activity showed ...
... activity have examined RGC axon development at the target, neuronal activity is also important in the development of dendritic arbors within the retina. In one study, TTX was used to block action potentials in the eyes of kittens (Wong et al., 1991). RGCs in eyes deprived of neuronal activity showed ...
The subfornical organ: A central nervous system site for actions of
... energy stores and acute energy balance. Circulating leptin decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure through activation of receptors in hypothalamic and brain stem neurons (16) . The leptin receptor, encoded by the Ob-R gene, was isolated from choroid plexus by expression cloning and is ...
... energy stores and acute energy balance. Circulating leptin decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure through activation of receptors in hypothalamic and brain stem neurons (16) . The leptin receptor, encoded by the Ob-R gene, was isolated from choroid plexus by expression cloning and is ...
projecting to oculomotor regions of the pons Activity of monkey
... millimeters above the surface of the superior colliculus. The topographic map of the superior colliculus was used as an aide in positioning the pontine electrode (Cynader and Berman 1972; Robinson 1972; Schiller and Stryker 1972). Electrode penetrations directed at the frontal eye field were made ei ...
... millimeters above the surface of the superior colliculus. The topographic map of the superior colliculus was used as an aide in positioning the pontine electrode (Cynader and Berman 1972; Robinson 1972; Schiller and Stryker 1972). Electrode penetrations directed at the frontal eye field were made ei ...
- Hayden Lab
... oxygen levels in vmPFC track the relative value between the chosen option and the next-best alternative (Boorman et al., 2009, 2013). Fourth, the vmPFC BOLD signal shifts from signaling value to signaling value difference in a manner consistent with competitive inhibition (Hunt et al., 2012). Fifth, ...
... oxygen levels in vmPFC track the relative value between the chosen option and the next-best alternative (Boorman et al., 2009, 2013). Fourth, the vmPFC BOLD signal shifts from signaling value to signaling value difference in a manner consistent with competitive inhibition (Hunt et al., 2012). Fifth, ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.