The role of eyes in early face processing: A rapid adaptation study of
... According to the OSH, larger adaptation effects should be found for inverted than upright adaptors regardless of the category. Thus, in response to S2, a decreased activation should be found for inverted compared to upright adaptors, for each adaptor category tested: houses, mouths, eyes, faces, eye ...
... According to the OSH, larger adaptation effects should be found for inverted than upright adaptors regardless of the category. Thus, in response to S2, a decreased activation should be found for inverted compared to upright adaptors, for each adaptor category tested: houses, mouths, eyes, faces, eye ...
Sustained conditioned responses in prelimbic prefrontal neurons are
... Burst firing was also examined by measuring the percentage of spikes within bursts. As in our previous study (Burgos-Robles et al., 2007), a burst was defined as three or more consecutive spikes with an interspike interval of ⬍25 ms between the first two spikes and ⬍50 ms for subsequent spikes. This ...
... Burst firing was also examined by measuring the percentage of spikes within bursts. As in our previous study (Burgos-Robles et al., 2007), a burst was defined as three or more consecutive spikes with an interspike interval of ⬍25 ms between the first two spikes and ⬍50 ms for subsequent spikes. This ...
Disease Modeling Using Embryonic Stem Cells
... wild-type and ESCs lacking MeCP2 generated neuronal cultures of high purity, with more than 90% of the cells expressing neuronal markers after a few days in culture. These neurons were previously characterized as glutamatergic using antibodies to a glutamate vesicular transporter and to form functio ...
... wild-type and ESCs lacking MeCP2 generated neuronal cultures of high purity, with more than 90% of the cells expressing neuronal markers after a few days in culture. These neurons were previously characterized as glutamatergic using antibodies to a glutamate vesicular transporter and to form functio ...
Test Bank 1
... 14. The function of the neuron's axon is to ________. a. conduct electrical impulses toward other neurons Correct: The axon takes messages away from the cell body toward other neurons. b. receive messages from neighboring neurons Incorrect: The part of the neuron responsible for receiving incoming m ...
... 14. The function of the neuron's axon is to ________. a. conduct electrical impulses toward other neurons Correct: The axon takes messages away from the cell body toward other neurons. b. receive messages from neighboring neurons Incorrect: The part of the neuron responsible for receiving incoming m ...
Read Article - University of Northern Colorado
... et al. [2]; see also [11]), and no single, clear candidate emerges to account for the varying findings for the hippocampus. There are a variety of potentially confounding factors in autism research that challenge the scientific community that are not MRI specific, such as age, gender, IQ, and the in ...
... et al. [2]; see also [11]), and no single, clear candidate emerges to account for the varying findings for the hippocampus. There are a variety of potentially confounding factors in autism research that challenge the scientific community that are not MRI specific, such as age, gender, IQ, and the in ...
Glia-Derived D-Serine Controls NMDA Receptor Activity and
... used, show that GO is indeed entering the slices and degrading glycine efficiently, thus demonstrating that D-serine is the major, if not the only, endogenous ligand of NMDARs in the SON. Astrocytes Control the Activity of Synaptic NMDARs Since D-serine is released from astrocytes (Mothet et al., 20 ...
... used, show that GO is indeed entering the slices and degrading glycine efficiently, thus demonstrating that D-serine is the major, if not the only, endogenous ligand of NMDARs in the SON. Astrocytes Control the Activity of Synaptic NMDARs Since D-serine is released from astrocytes (Mothet et al., 20 ...
Delineation of motoneuron subgroups supplying
... physical developing method of Gallyas (Gallyas, 1979). The nomenclature and abbreviations for human brainstem structures are in accordance with the revised new edition of Olszewski and Baxter’s ‘Cytoarchitecture of the human brainstem’ (Büttner-Ennever and Horn, 2014). Single immunostaining for NP-N ...
... physical developing method of Gallyas (Gallyas, 1979). The nomenclature and abbreviations for human brainstem structures are in accordance with the revised new edition of Olszewski and Baxter’s ‘Cytoarchitecture of the human brainstem’ (Büttner-Ennever and Horn, 2014). Single immunostaining for NP-N ...
Towards the integration of neural mechanisms and cognition in
... neural circuits and the robot; it is the control interface and it implements how the neural activity is translated in actuation. The Neural lattice layer is the brain model and it is fairly composed by at least two sublayers: the neural circuits and the cognition. The neural circuits layer contains ...
... neural circuits and the robot; it is the control interface and it implements how the neural activity is translated in actuation. The Neural lattice layer is the brain model and it is fairly composed by at least two sublayers: the neural circuits and the cognition. The neural circuits layer contains ...
Control of breathing by interacting pontine and
... shaping of the breathing pattern. Many peripheral mechano- and chemo-sensory afferents, including those from the lungs, tracheobronchial tree and carotid bifurcation, provide feedback signals involving in the homeodynamic control of breathing, cardiovascular function, and different types of motor be ...
... shaping of the breathing pattern. Many peripheral mechano- and chemo-sensory afferents, including those from the lungs, tracheobronchial tree and carotid bifurcation, provide feedback signals involving in the homeodynamic control of breathing, cardiovascular function, and different types of motor be ...
Activity in the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Reflects Multiple Steps of
... ning of multistep behaviors? More specifically, does the activity of PFC neurons during the process of planning reflect the multiple movements required during future actions or the individual future events that occur as a result of the actions? To answer this question, we examined neuronal activity ...
... ning of multistep behaviors? More specifically, does the activity of PFC neurons during the process of planning reflect the multiple movements required during future actions or the individual future events that occur as a result of the actions? To answer this question, we examined neuronal activity ...
Computing with Spiking Neuron Networks
... synaptic plasticity by Hebb in 1949 [51], and his famous, oft repeated quote: When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite cell B or repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A’s efficiency, as one of the ...
... synaptic plasticity by Hebb in 1949 [51], and his famous, oft repeated quote: When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite cell B or repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A’s efficiency, as one of the ...
The affective and cognitive processing of touch, oral texture, and
... et al., 2008b). Activations in the lateral and some more anterior parts of the orbitofrontal cortex were correlated with the unpleasantness of the stimuli. In contrast, activations in the somatosensory cortex and ventral posterior insula were correlated with the intensity but not the pleasantness of ...
... et al., 2008b). Activations in the lateral and some more anterior parts of the orbitofrontal cortex were correlated with the unpleasantness of the stimuli. In contrast, activations in the somatosensory cortex and ventral posterior insula were correlated with the intensity but not the pleasantness of ...
Chapter 2: Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole
... structural organization of the body. 2. Identify the body cavities and recognize the organs contained within those cavities. 3. Locate and identify the anatomical and clinical divisions of the abdomen. ...
... structural organization of the body. 2. Identify the body cavities and recognize the organs contained within those cavities. 3. Locate and identify the anatomical and clinical divisions of the abdomen. ...
Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
... work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permission Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The ...
... work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permission Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The ...
A behavioral switch: cGMP and PKC signaling in olfactory neurons
... Despite strong innate preferences, chemosensory behaviors of C. elegans can be altered by adaptation, sensitization, and associative learning. A striking change in behavior is caused by starving animals in the presence of NaCl, which is normally an attractive taste. Starvation/salt pairing for as li ...
... Despite strong innate preferences, chemosensory behaviors of C. elegans can be altered by adaptation, sensitization, and associative learning. A striking change in behavior is caused by starving animals in the presence of NaCl, which is normally an attractive taste. Starvation/salt pairing for as li ...
Recounting the impact of Hubel and Wiesel
... position of the slit and gave little response to spots of light. They argued that the properties of complex cells could more logically result from combining input from similarly oriented simple cells than from cells with circular receptive fields. These two steps were illustrated by simple logical c ...
... position of the slit and gave little response to spots of light. They argued that the properties of complex cells could more logically result from combining input from similarly oriented simple cells than from cells with circular receptive fields. These two steps were illustrated by simple logical c ...
Preferred visually evoked spatial and temporal frequencies in
... Variations in light reflected from all parts of our physical world create an image that is represented and processed in our visual system. In mammals the visual cortex is essential for processing of visual input from the eyes. The region is divided into different areas and this study will focus on t ...
... Variations in light reflected from all parts of our physical world create an image that is represented and processed in our visual system. In mammals the visual cortex is essential for processing of visual input from the eyes. The region is divided into different areas and this study will focus on t ...
Principles of Neural Science
... stimulus, determined by the type of energy transmitted by the stimulus and the receptors specialized to sense that energy (Figure 21-1). Receptors, together with their central pathways and target areas in the brain, comprise a sensory system, and activity within a system gives rise to specific types ...
... stimulus, determined by the type of energy transmitted by the stimulus and the receptors specialized to sense that energy (Figure 21-1). Receptors, together with their central pathways and target areas in the brain, comprise a sensory system, and activity within a system gives rise to specific types ...
Role of right pregenual anterior cingulate cortex in self
... activate autonomic and behavioral responding). Thus, this region may be particularly important for self-conscious emotion because of its role in relaying complex social appraisals, which are intrinsic to emotions like embarrassment, to emotion generation structures. Behavioral variant frontotemporal ...
... activate autonomic and behavioral responding). Thus, this region may be particularly important for self-conscious emotion because of its role in relaying complex social appraisals, which are intrinsic to emotions like embarrassment, to emotion generation structures. Behavioral variant frontotemporal ...
Immunohistochemical Study of Spinal Motor Neurons Following
... Axotomy causes disturbance in intra-axonal and retrograde transportation of nerve growth factors from target organ to somata of motor neurons. Absence of neurotrophic factor induces some degenerative changes and perhaps neuronal death of motor neurons (33). Ma and et al. in 2003 reported that 16 wee ...
... Axotomy causes disturbance in intra-axonal and retrograde transportation of nerve growth factors from target organ to somata of motor neurons. Absence of neurotrophic factor induces some degenerative changes and perhaps neuronal death of motor neurons (33). Ma and et al. in 2003 reported that 16 wee ...
Why is parkinsonism not a feature of human methamphetamine users?
... widely used stimulant drug taken to maintain wakefulness and performance and, in high doses, to cause intense euphoria. Animal studies show that methamphetamine can cause short-term and even persistent depletion of brain levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine. However, the clinical features of Park ...
... widely used stimulant drug taken to maintain wakefulness and performance and, in high doses, to cause intense euphoria. Animal studies show that methamphetamine can cause short-term and even persistent depletion of brain levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine. However, the clinical features of Park ...
involvement of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis activated by
... Seisakusho, Tokyo, Japan). The apparatus was enclosed by a sound- and light-attenuated box under conditions of dim illumination and masking white noise. Preconditioning session. On the first day (day 1), the partition separating the two compartments was raised 12 cm above the floor, and a metal neut ...
... Seisakusho, Tokyo, Japan). The apparatus was enclosed by a sound- and light-attenuated box under conditions of dim illumination and masking white noise. Preconditioning session. On the first day (day 1), the partition separating the two compartments was raised 12 cm above the floor, and a metal neut ...
Implications on visual apperception: energy, duration
... equilibrium (Qian and Beard, 2005) that make possible to pick up extreme weak different information from the outside world. The sensory systems, which are results of nonlinear biochemical processes of cells, have extreme sensitivity to pick up diverse information from the external world. Blindsight ...
... equilibrium (Qian and Beard, 2005) that make possible to pick up extreme weak different information from the outside world. The sensory systems, which are results of nonlinear biochemical processes of cells, have extreme sensitivity to pick up diverse information from the external world. Blindsight ...
Efficient coding and the neural representation of value
... activity and contextual modulation that we discuss later. However, it is important to note that this heuristic can serve only as a very general guide, and some experimental findings do not fit neatly within this simple framework. One important issue that we have oversimplified concerns the relative ...
... activity and contextual modulation that we discuss later. However, it is important to note that this heuristic can serve only as a very general guide, and some experimental findings do not fit neatly within this simple framework. One important issue that we have oversimplified concerns the relative ...
Cauda Equina Syndrome and Nitric Oxide Synthase
... staining could be detected. First, somatic NOS-IR involving spinal cord neurons of various types was found in the superficial (laminae I-II) and deep (laminae III-VI) dorsal horn layers along the rostrocaudal axis of all segments studied (Fig. 3A). However, considerable differences could be detected ...
... staining could be detected. First, somatic NOS-IR involving spinal cord neurons of various types was found in the superficial (laminae I-II) and deep (laminae III-VI) dorsal horn layers along the rostrocaudal axis of all segments studied (Fig. 3A). However, considerable differences could be detected ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.