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Estrogenic influences in pain processing Linköping University Post Print
... thereby avoiding the need for high estrogen concentrations systemically, concentrations that could cause severe adverse effects on non-neural tissue (Cornil et al., 2006). The regulation of lordosis behavior (Micevych and Mermelstein, 2008) and signaling in the dorsal root ganglion (Chaban and Micev ...
... thereby avoiding the need for high estrogen concentrations systemically, concentrations that could cause severe adverse effects on non-neural tissue (Cornil et al., 2006). The regulation of lordosis behavior (Micevych and Mermelstein, 2008) and signaling in the dorsal root ganglion (Chaban and Micev ...
Chapter 1: The Muscle Spindle and the Central
... fine axonal elongated end organs called trail endings (gamma nerve fibers account for 30% of the efferent nerve supply). The motor end plates occur only on the nuclear bag fibers (each fiber having several) and the trail endings occur only on the nuclear chain. These endings are supplied by efferent ...
... fine axonal elongated end organs called trail endings (gamma nerve fibers account for 30% of the efferent nerve supply). The motor end plates occur only on the nuclear bag fibers (each fiber having several) and the trail endings occur only on the nuclear chain. These endings are supplied by efferent ...
UNER TAN SYNDROME REVIEW
... used by non-primates, and the latter mainly by primates, although not exclusively [15-17]. In diagonal sequence quadrupedal locomotion a foot touches the ground followed by the contralateral hand and vice versa, whereas in lateralsequence quadrupedalism the foot touches the ground followed by the ip ...
... used by non-primates, and the latter mainly by primates, although not exclusively [15-17]. In diagonal sequence quadrupedal locomotion a foot touches the ground followed by the contralateral hand and vice versa, whereas in lateralsequence quadrupedalism the foot touches the ground followed by the ip ...
Organization of the Honey Bee Mushroom Body
... were isometrically adjusted, if necessary, to equal each other without altering layer relationships. After using the darkening function, the two images were then flattened. Matches between Kenyon cell projections and immunostained layers were done by comparing the position of the cross-section of a ...
... were isometrically adjusted, if necessary, to equal each other without altering layer relationships. After using the darkening function, the two images were then flattened. Matches between Kenyon cell projections and immunostained layers were done by comparing the position of the cross-section of a ...
Lecture 016, CNS1 - SuperPage for Joel R. Gober, PhD.
... circuits can be diverging, they can be converging or reverberating. These are the different ways that we talk about certain kinds of circuits. So for instance diverging circuits means that there’s going to be one neuron that’s going to share information with a number of other neurons, distally to t ...
... circuits can be diverging, they can be converging or reverberating. These are the different ways that we talk about certain kinds of circuits. So for instance diverging circuits means that there’s going to be one neuron that’s going to share information with a number of other neurons, distally to t ...
Neural tube defects and abnormal brain development in F52
... multiple roles in the development of the brain, particularly in the development of cortex-related structures. This is supported by the observation that F52 mRNA remained at fairly high levels well after neural tube formation in the developing brain, but not in other parts of the embryo (see below). ...
... multiple roles in the development of the brain, particularly in the development of cortex-related structures. This is supported by the observation that F52 mRNA remained at fairly high levels well after neural tube formation in the developing brain, but not in other parts of the embryo (see below). ...
Lateral Connectivity and Contextual Interactions in Macaque
... depth planes into which each cortical slice was optically sectioned—within grids covering the projections, as evident in the tiled appearance of Figure 2A. Axon patches continue across adjacent sections, demonstrating that the intrinsic connections form columns of label throughout the superficial la ...
... depth planes into which each cortical slice was optically sectioned—within grids covering the projections, as evident in the tiled appearance of Figure 2A. Axon patches continue across adjacent sections, demonstrating that the intrinsic connections form columns of label throughout the superficial la ...
Constraints on Somatotopic Organization in the Primary Motor Cortex
... detailed maps of body part representation in M1 became available, culminating in the well-known summary diagrams of Penfield’s homunculus (Penfield and Rasmussen 1950) and Woolsey’s simiusculus (Woolsey et al. 1952). These icons of neuroscience commonly are interpreted as showing a systematic, spati ...
... detailed maps of body part representation in M1 became available, culminating in the well-known summary diagrams of Penfield’s homunculus (Penfield and Rasmussen 1950) and Woolsey’s simiusculus (Woolsey et al. 1952). These icons of neuroscience commonly are interpreted as showing a systematic, spati ...
Molecular Pathways of Endoplasmic Reticulum
... ER and mitochondria in response of neurons to various toxic agents, acute injuries and chronic pathological states of the brain, such as ischemia, epileptic seizures and Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease. In order to carry out ER-based processes correctly the level of lumenal Ca2+ should be kept hi ...
... ER and mitochondria in response of neurons to various toxic agents, acute injuries and chronic pathological states of the brain, such as ischemia, epileptic seizures and Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease. In order to carry out ER-based processes correctly the level of lumenal Ca2+ should be kept hi ...
Poly(A) Binding Protein Nuclear 1 regulates the
... (Figure 2B). Neurons treated with the Pabpn1 shRNA exhibited a ~ 50% knock down of the Pabpn1 protein (Figure 2C). To test if Pabpn1 plays a role in 3’UTR choice of the above predicted targets, we used an in situ hybridization approach with probes recognizing unique sequences of the long 3’UTR for t ...
... (Figure 2B). Neurons treated with the Pabpn1 shRNA exhibited a ~ 50% knock down of the Pabpn1 protein (Figure 2C). To test if Pabpn1 plays a role in 3’UTR choice of the above predicted targets, we used an in situ hybridization approach with probes recognizing unique sequences of the long 3’UTR for t ...
Grid Cell Firing May Arise From Interference of Theta Frequency
... This section demonstrates how Eq. (1), determined entirely from experimental data, can be used to derive the model of grid cells presented by Burgess et al. (2005, 2007). This derivation demonstrates that the model is not just an ad hoc account for grid cell properties, but is specifically indicated ...
... This section demonstrates how Eq. (1), determined entirely from experimental data, can be used to derive the model of grid cells presented by Burgess et al. (2005, 2007). This derivation demonstrates that the model is not just an ad hoc account for grid cell properties, but is specifically indicated ...
Somatostatin-Expressing Inhibitory Interneurons in Cortical Circuits
... Cortical inhibitory neurons exhibit remarkable diversity in their morphology, connectivity, and synaptic properties. Here, we review the function of somatostatin-expressing (SOM) inhibitory interneurons, focusing largely on sensory cortex. SOM neurons also comprise a number of subpopulations that ca ...
... Cortical inhibitory neurons exhibit remarkable diversity in their morphology, connectivity, and synaptic properties. Here, we review the function of somatostatin-expressing (SOM) inhibitory interneurons, focusing largely on sensory cortex. SOM neurons also comprise a number of subpopulations that ca ...
PMOD Neuro Tool (PNEURO)
... precisely represents the patient’s brain anatomy. The PNEURO tool includes a sophisticated component which applies knowledge-base technology to accurately segment the cortex and the basal ganglia from the T1-MRIs. These segments are then converted to VOIs which can be projected to the PET images and ...
... precisely represents the patient’s brain anatomy. The PNEURO tool includes a sophisticated component which applies knowledge-base technology to accurately segment the cortex and the basal ganglia from the T1-MRIs. These segments are then converted to VOIs which can be projected to the PET images and ...
Genetic Ablation of Orexin Neurons in Mice Results in Narcolepsy
... orexin neuronal projections, were markedly reduced in transgenic mice (Figure 2C). Gross anatomical and histological studies, using hematoxyline-eosin and Nissl staining, failed to detect any structural abnormality in the brains of the transgenic mice at 12 weeks of age (not shown). Melanin-concentr ...
... orexin neuronal projections, were markedly reduced in transgenic mice (Figure 2C). Gross anatomical and histological studies, using hematoxyline-eosin and Nissl staining, failed to detect any structural abnormality in the brains of the transgenic mice at 12 weeks of age (not shown). Melanin-concentr ...
NIH Public Access
... FM-FM neurons in all bats are responsive to the combination of a bat's emitted pulse and returning echo with particular time delays. What differs among bats is the relationship between the spectra of the pulse and echo that activate the delay-tuned response. In bats that primarily use FM signals in ...
... FM-FM neurons in all bats are responsive to the combination of a bat's emitted pulse and returning echo with particular time delays. What differs among bats is the relationship between the spectra of the pulse and echo that activate the delay-tuned response. In bats that primarily use FM signals in ...
Opposite Functions of Histamine H1 and H2 Receptors and H3
... showing that SNr DA and GABA neurons can be unequivocally distinguished based on their spontaneous action potential duration and frequency. GABA neurons formed a cluster with high frequency and short duration, whereas DA neurons formed another cluster with low frequency and long duration. Note that ...
... showing that SNr DA and GABA neurons can be unequivocally distinguished based on their spontaneous action potential duration and frequency. GABA neurons formed a cluster with high frequency and short duration, whereas DA neurons formed another cluster with low frequency and long duration. Note that ...
Stimulation of Medial Prefrontal Cortex Decreases
... and could exert feedforward inhibition of Ce output neurons. However, mPFC also projects directly to the hypothalamic and brainstem targets of the Ce (Hurley et al., 1991; Fisk and Wyss, 2000; Floyd et al., 2000, 2001) and thus could inhibit fear responses independently of the amygdala. Because of i ...
... and could exert feedforward inhibition of Ce output neurons. However, mPFC also projects directly to the hypothalamic and brainstem targets of the Ce (Hurley et al., 1991; Fisk and Wyss, 2000; Floyd et al., 2000, 2001) and thus could inhibit fear responses independently of the amygdala. Because of i ...
Not all brains are created equal: The relevance of
... to excite a region in one hemisphere and inhibit the same region in the other, or he can place one of the electrodes on an area with minimal or no interference (e.g. the vertex, forehead, cheek or arm). It is currently unclear, which option is ideal for which purpose (for a first step see (Moliadze ...
... to excite a region in one hemisphere and inhibit the same region in the other, or he can place one of the electrodes on an area with minimal or no interference (e.g. the vertex, forehead, cheek or arm). It is currently unclear, which option is ideal for which purpose (for a first step see (Moliadze ...
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Identifying risk and
... of tachypnea and profound cardiorespiratory dysfunction were followed by terminal apnea and cardiac arrest in 10 monitored cases of SUDEP.10 Brainstem dysfunction may contribute to fatal cardiorespiratory dysfunction, although this is a challenging region for human neurophysiologic study. Recent ima ...
... of tachypnea and profound cardiorespiratory dysfunction were followed by terminal apnea and cardiac arrest in 10 monitored cases of SUDEP.10 Brainstem dysfunction may contribute to fatal cardiorespiratory dysfunction, although this is a challenging region for human neurophysiologic study. Recent ima ...
Sensing Limb Movements in the Motor Cortex: How Humans Sense
... excites the muscle spindle afferents of the vibrated muscles and elicits an illusory limb movement. If we measure the brain activity while totally relaxed subjects experience illusory limb movements, we may detect brain areas that receive and process the kinesthetic afferent inputs. By taking advant ...
... excites the muscle spindle afferents of the vibrated muscles and elicits an illusory limb movement. If we measure the brain activity while totally relaxed subjects experience illusory limb movements, we may detect brain areas that receive and process the kinesthetic afferent inputs. By taking advant ...
Implantable microcoils for intracortical magnetic
... Neural prostheses that can reliably and effectively activate the cortex have the potential to treat a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders (1–4). However, effective activation is difficult, given the large diversity of cell types within the cortex coupled with an inability to selecti ...
... Neural prostheses that can reliably and effectively activate the cortex have the potential to treat a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders (1–4). However, effective activation is difficult, given the large diversity of cell types within the cortex coupled with an inability to selecti ...
Pallidal Origin of GABA Release within the Substantia Nigra Pars
... sections at the pallidal, nigral, and STN levels, according to the atlas of Paxinos and Watson (1982). The tissue sections were processed for classical cresyl violet staining. These histological controls were systematically performed for all of the animals of each experimental group. All animals pre ...
... sections at the pallidal, nigral, and STN levels, according to the atlas of Paxinos and Watson (1982). The tissue sections were processed for classical cresyl violet staining. These histological controls were systematically performed for all of the animals of each experimental group. All animals pre ...
BOLD fMRI study of ultrahigh frequency encoding in the
... tonotopic area compared to those with lower CFs (Stiebler and Ehret, 1985; Yu et al., 2005). Similarly, in rat IC, representations of frequencies higher than 40 kHz are seldom delineated (Cheung et al., 2012a, 2012b; Malmierca et al., 2008). This mismatch immediately poses a basic question how UHFs ...
... tonotopic area compared to those with lower CFs (Stiebler and Ehret, 1985; Yu et al., 2005). Similarly, in rat IC, representations of frequencies higher than 40 kHz are seldom delineated (Cheung et al., 2012a, 2012b; Malmierca et al., 2008). This mismatch immediately poses a basic question how UHFs ...
09 - Pierce College
... Putman/Pierce College Biol 241 09px Practice Exam/20120430 proofread/Page 10 ...
... Putman/Pierce College Biol 241 09px Practice Exam/20120430 proofread/Page 10 ...
Anatomical Terminology
... terminology, we eliminate ambiguity. Anatomical terms derive from ancient Greek and Latin words. Because these languages are no longer used in everyday conversation, the meaning of their words does not change. Anatomical terms are made up of roots, prexes, and suxes. ...
... terminology, we eliminate ambiguity. Anatomical terms derive from ancient Greek and Latin words. Because these languages are no longer used in everyday conversation, the meaning of their words does not change. Anatomical terms are made up of roots, prexes, and suxes. ...
Neuroanatomy
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Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.