The Cytoarchitectonic Map of Constantin von Economo and Georg N
... (1885–1975), working in the Psychiatric Clinic of Julius Wagner-Jauregg (1857–1940) at the University of Vienna, published their monumental Atlas and Textbook of Cytoarchitectonics of the Adult Human Cerebral Cortex, following in the footsteps of Theodor Meynert (1833–1892) and Korbinian Brodmann (1 ...
... (1885–1975), working in the Psychiatric Clinic of Julius Wagner-Jauregg (1857–1940) at the University of Vienna, published their monumental Atlas and Textbook of Cytoarchitectonics of the Adult Human Cerebral Cortex, following in the footsteps of Theodor Meynert (1833–1892) and Korbinian Brodmann (1 ...
Cell type-specific activation of p38 MAPK in the brain regions of
... 2.4. SDS–PAGE and Western blot analysis The phosphorylation and protein expression levels of p38 MAPK were analyzed by Western blot as reported previously (Long et al., 2006; Niu et al., 2005). Briefly, 50 mg of protein from the whole tissue homogenate of each sample was loaded in 10% SDS–PAGE gel. ...
... 2.4. SDS–PAGE and Western blot analysis The phosphorylation and protein expression levels of p38 MAPK were analyzed by Western blot as reported previously (Long et al., 2006; Niu et al., 2005). Briefly, 50 mg of protein from the whole tissue homogenate of each sample was loaded in 10% SDS–PAGE gel. ...
Expression of the Emx-1 and Dlx-1 homeobox genes define three
... panel) at the 8- to 9-somite stage and were fixed at E7 (A,C) or E5.5 (B). The grafts (in brown) are revealed with a quail-specific antibody. (A) Caudal transplants give rise to dorsocaudal regions of the telencephalic vesicle. (B) More anterior grafts produce an intermediate sector of the telenceph ...
... panel) at the 8- to 9-somite stage and were fixed at E7 (A,C) or E5.5 (B). The grafts (in brown) are revealed with a quail-specific antibody. (A) Caudal transplants give rise to dorsocaudal regions of the telencephalic vesicle. (B) More anterior grafts produce an intermediate sector of the telenceph ...
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... helps to form similar patterns in topographic maps; disparity selectivity of neurons changes smoothly along the neural plane. In summary, the work here is novel in the following aspects: 1) the first laminar model (paired layers in each area) for stereo; 2) the first utilization of temporal signals ...
... helps to form similar patterns in topographic maps; disparity selectivity of neurons changes smoothly along the neural plane. In summary, the work here is novel in the following aspects: 1) the first laminar model (paired layers in each area) for stereo; 2) the first utilization of temporal signals ...
Pain in Down`s Syndrome
... The role of NMDA mechanisms in spinal pathways mediating acute nociceptive input to the somatosensory cortex is not clear. In a study, the effect of NMDA antagonists on nociceptive C fiber transmission to the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) was investigated. It was concluded that spinal NMDA recep ...
... The role of NMDA mechanisms in spinal pathways mediating acute nociceptive input to the somatosensory cortex is not clear. In a study, the effect of NMDA antagonists on nociceptive C fiber transmission to the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) was investigated. It was concluded that spinal NMDA recep ...
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) The ANS consists of motor
... Parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor nerves innervate smooth muscles in the eye that cause the pupils to constrict & the lenses to “round” in order to focus on near objects. ...
... Parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor nerves innervate smooth muscles in the eye that cause the pupils to constrict & the lenses to “round” in order to focus on near objects. ...
Topographic Organization of Corticospinal Projections from the
... precentral sulcus @PCS),and the ventral premotor area (PMv), which is in and adjacent to the caudal bank of the arcuate sulcus (ArS) at its inferior limb. In subsequent reports, we will present our findings on the origin of corticospinal projections from (1) the premotor areas on the medial wall of ...
... precentral sulcus @PCS),and the ventral premotor area (PMv), which is in and adjacent to the caudal bank of the arcuate sulcus (ArS) at its inferior limb. In subsequent reports, we will present our findings on the origin of corticospinal projections from (1) the premotor areas on the medial wall of ...
Magel2 Is Required for Leptin-Mediated Depolarization of POMC
... PWS, but no one knows which gene is important for normal body weight. One of the inactivated genes is called MAGEL2. We previously found that mice missing the equivalent mouse gene, named Magel2, have more fat and are overweight compared to mice with an intact Magel2 gene. In other forms of genetic ...
... PWS, but no one knows which gene is important for normal body weight. One of the inactivated genes is called MAGEL2. We previously found that mice missing the equivalent mouse gene, named Magel2, have more fat and are overweight compared to mice with an intact Magel2 gene. In other forms of genetic ...
Neural Interaction in Cat Primary Auditory Cortex. Dependence on
... The neocortex is considered by some as a highly interconnected neural network that largely works on its own output (Braitenberg 1978). It has been estimated that a mere 0.0 1-O. 1% of the connections to a cortical pyramidal cell originates from the thalamus, i.e., convey sensory information; all the ...
... The neocortex is considered by some as a highly interconnected neural network that largely works on its own output (Braitenberg 1978). It has been estimated that a mere 0.0 1-O. 1% of the connections to a cortical pyramidal cell originates from the thalamus, i.e., convey sensory information; all the ...
Topographically Specific Hippocampal Projections Target Functionally Distinct Prefrontal Areas in the
... Laboratory Animals (NIH publication 80-22, 1987). The animals were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg, intramuscularly) followed by sodium pentnbarbital administered intravenously through a femoral cathctcr until a surgical level of anesthesia was achieved. Additional anesthetic was ...
... Laboratory Animals (NIH publication 80-22, 1987). The animals were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg, intramuscularly) followed by sodium pentnbarbital administered intravenously through a femoral cathctcr until a surgical level of anesthesia was achieved. Additional anesthetic was ...
NG2+ CNS Glial Progenitors Remain Committed to the Oligodendrocyte Lineage in Postnatal Life and following Neurodegeneration
... et al., 2003), principal neurons in the piriform cortex (Guo et al., 2009; Rivers et al., 2008), and astrocytes in ventral areas of the brain and spinal cord (Guo et al., 2009; Zhu et al., 2008a, 2008b). These findings support the hypothesis that NG2+ cells represent a widely distributed population ...
... et al., 2003), principal neurons in the piriform cortex (Guo et al., 2009; Rivers et al., 2008), and astrocytes in ventral areas of the brain and spinal cord (Guo et al., 2009; Zhu et al., 2008a, 2008b). These findings support the hypothesis that NG2+ cells represent a widely distributed population ...
Frequency-Dependent Recruitment of Fast Amino Acid and Slow
... Figure 1. Angled, parahorizontal brain slices containing the AVPV projection to GnRH neurons. A, Drawing showing the angle control GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫹/⫹ mice. All exand location of the two slices used. B, Schematic three-dimensional view of the relevant structures and cell types contained within perime ...
... Figure 1. Angled, parahorizontal brain slices containing the AVPV projection to GnRH neurons. A, Drawing showing the angle control GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫹/⫹ mice. All exand location of the two slices used. B, Schematic three-dimensional view of the relevant structures and cell types contained within perime ...
Document
... with its functions and regularities of development. Studying structure of separate organs and systems in close connection with their function, the anatomy surveys an organism of the person as a unit, developing on the basis of the regularities under influences of internal and external factors during ...
... with its functions and regularities of development. Studying structure of separate organs and systems in close connection with their function, the anatomy surveys an organism of the person as a unit, developing on the basis of the regularities under influences of internal and external factors during ...
neural projections from nucleus accumbens to globus pallidus
... then the cerebral peduncle. In contrast, fibers from the nucleus accumbens descend initially through the medial half of the SI and the rostromedial tip of the GP before entering the LPO and then the LHA. The bottom panels of Figure 2 illustrate the major difference in the course of fibers from the n ...
... then the cerebral peduncle. In contrast, fibers from the nucleus accumbens descend initially through the medial half of the SI and the rostromedial tip of the GP before entering the LPO and then the LHA. The bottom panels of Figure 2 illustrate the major difference in the course of fibers from the n ...
What is the function of the claustrum? - Christof Koch
... Other claustral neurons lack spines and so have largely smooth dendrites (figure 4b,c). There appear to be two types of aspiny neurons, one with ‘large’ and the other with ‘small’ cell bodies. The latter are fairly compact cells, whereas the dendrite and axons of the large type are more extensive. T ...
... Other claustral neurons lack spines and so have largely smooth dendrites (figure 4b,c). There appear to be two types of aspiny neurons, one with ‘large’ and the other with ‘small’ cell bodies. The latter are fairly compact cells, whereas the dendrite and axons of the large type are more extensive. T ...
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... knocked down in less than 1% of neurons. In addition, it is unlikely that these effects were due to altered action potential generation in either the knockdown neuron or its postsynaptic partner since (i) loss of VGLUT1 selectively affects glutamate release from the presynaptic terminals of the knoc ...
... knocked down in less than 1% of neurons. In addition, it is unlikely that these effects were due to altered action potential generation in either the knockdown neuron or its postsynaptic partner since (i) loss of VGLUT1 selectively affects glutamate release from the presynaptic terminals of the knoc ...
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... activities of the two hemispheres under similar conditions. In the present study we address these issues. We have investigated the two major thalamic cell classes implicated in sleep oscillations, TC and RE neurons, through intracellular recordings and, in some instances, by means of dual impalement ...
... activities of the two hemispheres under similar conditions. In the present study we address these issues. We have investigated the two major thalamic cell classes implicated in sleep oscillations, TC and RE neurons, through intracellular recordings and, in some instances, by means of dual impalement ...
The cranial nerves
... evidence for simultaneous involvement of the eye fields. Electrical stimulation of these areas results in conjugate movement of the eyes to the opposite side. The descending connections of the occipital cortex are essentially the same as those of the frontal eye field (see Fig. 8-4). The direct visu ...
... evidence for simultaneous involvement of the eye fields. Electrical stimulation of these areas results in conjugate movement of the eyes to the opposite side. The descending connections of the occipital cortex are essentially the same as those of the frontal eye field (see Fig. 8-4). The direct visu ...
Climbing Neuronal Activity as an Event
... To obtain the activity plots in Figure 1c, we calculated mean firing rates across bins of 250 msec and averaged over the indicated number of trials (n; see legend of Fig. 1). For neurons showing stimulus-selective delay activity we averaged over trials with the same pair of sample and test stimuli ( ...
... To obtain the activity plots in Figure 1c, we calculated mean firing rates across bins of 250 msec and averaged over the indicated number of trials (n; see legend of Fig. 1). For neurons showing stimulus-selective delay activity we averaged over trials with the same pair of sample and test stimuli ( ...
Neuroethology of reward and decision making
... influence processing within decision-making areas, primarily orbital and medial prefrontal cortices, that assign value to sensory stimuli (Schultz et al. 2000). Value signals in these areas may inform processing in areas such as dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal cortices, which eventually transfo ...
... influence processing within decision-making areas, primarily orbital and medial prefrontal cortices, that assign value to sensory stimuli (Schultz et al. 2000). Value signals in these areas may inform processing in areas such as dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal cortices, which eventually transfo ...
Lecture 12
... Touch Physiology (cont’d) • kinesthetic receptors: – neurological patient Ian Waterman • cutaneous nerves connecting Waterman’s kinesthetic mechanoreceptors to brain destroyed by viral infection • lacked kinesthetic senses, dependent on vision to tell limb positions ...
... Touch Physiology (cont’d) • kinesthetic receptors: – neurological patient Ian Waterman • cutaneous nerves connecting Waterman’s kinesthetic mechanoreceptors to brain destroyed by viral infection • lacked kinesthetic senses, dependent on vision to tell limb positions ...
Chapter 7: Eyes and Ears
... With aging, alterations in the chemistry of the vitreous humor make it lose transparency and cause more scattering of light. Blocking and scattering of light are increased by small areas of vitreous humor that become opaque and often grow large enough to be visible in the field of view. These areas, ...
... With aging, alterations in the chemistry of the vitreous humor make it lose transparency and cause more scattering of light. Blocking and scattering of light are increased by small areas of vitreous humor that become opaque and often grow large enough to be visible in the field of view. These areas, ...
Formation of a full complement of cranial proprioceptors requires
... gions of mutant spindles, similar to wild-type spindles at birth (Kozeka and Ontell, 1981). Normal spindle development was further supported by the expression of the spindle-specific slow-developmental myosin heavy-chain (MyHC) isoform in nuclear bag fibers of the residual spindles of mutants (Fig. ...
... gions of mutant spindles, similar to wild-type spindles at birth (Kozeka and Ontell, 1981). Normal spindle development was further supported by the expression of the spindle-specific slow-developmental myosin heavy-chain (MyHC) isoform in nuclear bag fibers of the residual spindles of mutants (Fig. ...
Differential Temporal Storage Capacity in the Baseline Activity of
... Visual stimuli and behavioral tasks were described previously (Ogawa and Komatsu 2004, 2006). Briefly, the monkeys were required to perform a multidimensional visual search task (Fig. 1). In search trials (92.3% of trials), each visual stimulus array had two singletons, one unique in shape (shape si ...
... Visual stimuli and behavioral tasks were described previously (Ogawa and Komatsu 2004, 2006). Briefly, the monkeys were required to perform a multidimensional visual search task (Fig. 1). In search trials (92.3% of trials), each visual stimulus array had two singletons, one unique in shape (shape si ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.