A Physiologically Plausible Model of Action Selection
... mechanisms for modeling phasic dopamine release by SNc (or the ventral tegmental area) (Schultz, 1998; Dommett et al., 2005), which appears necessary for learning in reinforcement-based contexts. However, because the control of tonic SNc firing by intrinsic basal ganglia connectivity is comparativel ...
... mechanisms for modeling phasic dopamine release by SNc (or the ventral tegmental area) (Schultz, 1998; Dommett et al., 2005), which appears necessary for learning in reinforcement-based contexts. However, because the control of tonic SNc firing by intrinsic basal ganglia connectivity is comparativel ...
The Fine Structure of Slow-Wave Sleep Oscillations: from Single
... area of cerebral cortex through ascending thalamocortical fibers (upward arrow). These axons have collaterals that contact the RE nucleus on the way to the cerebral cortex, where they arborize in superficial layers I and II, layer IV and layer VI. Corticothalamic feedback is mediated primarily by a ...
... area of cerebral cortex through ascending thalamocortical fibers (upward arrow). These axons have collaterals that contact the RE nucleus on the way to the cerebral cortex, where they arborize in superficial layers I and II, layer IV and layer VI. Corticothalamic feedback is mediated primarily by a ...
Dendrites as separate compartment – local protein synthesis
... assume that local protein synthesis in subsynaptic region of dendrites is possible. A discovery that high frequency, tetanic stimulation causes a long-term change in the efficacy of stimulated synapses led to an extensive research on the molecular basis of that phenomenon. Long term potentiation (LT ...
... assume that local protein synthesis in subsynaptic region of dendrites is possible. A discovery that high frequency, tetanic stimulation causes a long-term change in the efficacy of stimulated synapses led to an extensive research on the molecular basis of that phenomenon. Long term potentiation (LT ...
NS_olfaction
... inputs after you have gone through all the trouble of separating them out so effectively? ...
... inputs after you have gone through all the trouble of separating them out so effectively? ...
PII: S0006-8993(97) - UCSD Cognitive Science
... In adult monkeys with dorsal rhizotomies extending from the second cervical ŽC 2 . to the fifth thoracic ŽT5 . vertebrae, cortex deprived of its normal inputs regained responsiveness to inputs conveyed by intact peripheral afferents from the face wT.P. Pons, P.E. Garraghty, A.K. Ommaya, J.H. Kaas, E ...
... In adult monkeys with dorsal rhizotomies extending from the second cervical ŽC 2 . to the fifth thoracic ŽT5 . vertebrae, cortex deprived of its normal inputs regained responsiveness to inputs conveyed by intact peripheral afferents from the face wT.P. Pons, P.E. Garraghty, A.K. Ommaya, J.H. Kaas, E ...
Fine Gating Properties of Channels Responsible for Persistent
... a b s t r a c t The gating properties of channels responsible for the generation of persistent Na current (INaP) in entorhinal cortex layer II principal neurons were investigated by performing cell-attached, patch-clamp experiments in acutely isolated cells. Voltage-gated Na-channel activity was r ...
... a b s t r a c t The gating properties of channels responsible for the generation of persistent Na current (INaP) in entorhinal cortex layer II principal neurons were investigated by performing cell-attached, patch-clamp experiments in acutely isolated cells. Voltage-gated Na-channel activity was r ...
View PDF - CiteSeerX
... olfactory stimuli or visual stimuli such as the sight of food(17) Neurons in the primary taste cortex do not represent the reward value of taste, that is, the appetite for a food, in that their firing is not decreased to zero by feeding the taste to satiety(18,19). The secondary taste cortex A secon ...
... olfactory stimuli or visual stimuli such as the sight of food(17) Neurons in the primary taste cortex do not represent the reward value of taste, that is, the appetite for a food, in that their firing is not decreased to zero by feeding the taste to satiety(18,19). The secondary taste cortex A secon ...
Independent and Convergent Signals From the Pontomedullary
... the contribution. Indeed, there have been very few studies that have examined the activity of neurons in the pontomedullary reticular formation (PMRF) during discrete voluntary movements (Gibson et al. 1998; although, for information in primates on the contribution of the mesencephalic reticular for ...
... the contribution. Indeed, there have been very few studies that have examined the activity of neurons in the pontomedullary reticular formation (PMRF) during discrete voluntary movements (Gibson et al. 1998; although, for information in primates on the contribution of the mesencephalic reticular for ...
Hrk/DP5 contributes to the apoptosis of select neuronal populations
... homozygous mutant mice by either northern blotting or RTPCR (Fig. 1C and data not shown), confirming correct targeting of the Hrk gene. Hrk–/– homozygotes were born at the expected Mendelian frequency from heterozygote intercross matings (Hrk+/+ 45, Hrk+/– 100, Hrk–/– 60). Their appearance, fertilit ...
... homozygous mutant mice by either northern blotting or RTPCR (Fig. 1C and data not shown), confirming correct targeting of the Hrk gene. Hrk–/– homozygotes were born at the expected Mendelian frequency from heterozygote intercross matings (Hrk+/+ 45, Hrk+/– 100, Hrk–/– 60). Their appearance, fertilit ...
chapt13_lectureS
... anterior (ventral) root of spinal nerve carries only motor fibers gray commissure connects right and left sides • punctured by a central canal lined with ependymal cells and filled with CSF ...
... anterior (ventral) root of spinal nerve carries only motor fibers gray commissure connects right and left sides • punctured by a central canal lined with ependymal cells and filled with CSF ...
Full text - Ip Lab - Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
... motifs at the intracellular tails, which mediate direct interaction with synaptic scaffold proteins such as PSD-95, thereby recruiting and clustering synaptic proteins at the nascent synapses. In addition to these adhesion molecules, emerging studies reveal an important role of the receptor tyrosine ...
... motifs at the intracellular tails, which mediate direct interaction with synaptic scaffold proteins such as PSD-95, thereby recruiting and clustering synaptic proteins at the nascent synapses. In addition to these adhesion molecules, emerging studies reveal an important role of the receptor tyrosine ...
Rearrangement of microtubule polarity orientation during conversion
... Key words: axon formation; axon regeneration; dendrite formation; cell polarity; hooking procedure ...
... Key words: axon formation; axon regeneration; dendrite formation; cell polarity; hooking procedure ...
How do dendrites take their shape?
... With their great complexity and variety, dendrites (Fig. 1) are wonders of nature’s design. Built to receive and integrate inputs to neurons, dendrites occupy much of the brain’s volume and have been the subject of studies since the days of Golgi and Cajal1. Over the course of much of the twentieth ...
... With their great complexity and variety, dendrites (Fig. 1) are wonders of nature’s design. Built to receive and integrate inputs to neurons, dendrites occupy much of the brain’s volume and have been the subject of studies since the days of Golgi and Cajal1. Over the course of much of the twentieth ...
Linking Neural Activity to Visual Perception: Separating Sensory and
... We can use the specialization of visual cortical neurons to begin understanding how they support visual perception. This is accomplished by comparing the activity of a neuron to the responses of an observer performing a perceptual task [1]. Neurons from the Middle Temporal area of visual cortex (MT ...
... We can use the specialization of visual cortical neurons to begin understanding how they support visual perception. This is accomplished by comparing the activity of a neuron to the responses of an observer performing a perceptual task [1]. Neurons from the Middle Temporal area of visual cortex (MT ...
Anatomical Evidence of Multimodal Integration in Primate
... anatomical and single-unit recording studies point to multisensory integration in polysensory areas located in temporal, parietal, and frontal cortex (Goldman-Rakic, 1988). However there is recent electrophysiological and brain imaging evidence that visual, auditory, and somatosensory integration oc ...
... anatomical and single-unit recording studies point to multisensory integration in polysensory areas located in temporal, parietal, and frontal cortex (Goldman-Rakic, 1988). However there is recent electrophysiological and brain imaging evidence that visual, auditory, and somatosensory integration oc ...
Neuronal basis of sequential foraging decisions in a
... a significant negative slope in 10 (average β = −0.09) and no signi ficant slope in the remainder (P > 0.05, n = 43, average β = 0.041). The 49 neurons with positive slopes constitute the focus of subsequent ana lyses (Supplementary Data 7 and Supplementary Figs. 6 and 7). We next performed the ...
... a significant negative slope in 10 (average β = −0.09) and no signi ficant slope in the remainder (P > 0.05, n = 43, average β = 0.041). The 49 neurons with positive slopes constitute the focus of subsequent ana lyses (Supplementary Data 7 and Supplementary Figs. 6 and 7). We next performed the ...
Imitation, mirror neurons and autism
... `symbolic' elements (such as pantomiming brushing one's teeth with a non-existent toothbrush) might be expected in view of the diagnostic criteria; thus of special interest are those concerning basic body movements or gestures. These were ®rst demonstrated by DeMeyer et al. [32] and have since been ...
... `symbolic' elements (such as pantomiming brushing one's teeth with a non-existent toothbrush) might be expected in view of the diagnostic criteria; thus of special interest are those concerning basic body movements or gestures. These were ®rst demonstrated by DeMeyer et al. [32] and have since been ...
- Stem-cell and Brain Research Institute
... Understanding how the cerebral cortex processes information is a major aim of neurobiology today, with important implications for disciplines ranging from psychiatry to the designing of living machines. Numerous investigative techniques at different levels are used to this end, including functional ...
... Understanding how the cerebral cortex processes information is a major aim of neurobiology today, with important implications for disciplines ranging from psychiatry to the designing of living machines. Numerous investigative techniques at different levels are used to this end, including functional ...
Review Mitochondrial movement and positioning in axons
... mitochondria (Morris and Hollenbeck, 1993), we have focused on signals that affect axonal outgrowth, particularly neurotrophins. Neurotrophins are trophic factors that act via the Trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases and several downstream intracellular signaling pathways to support the growth, s ...
... mitochondria (Morris and Hollenbeck, 1993), we have focused on signals that affect axonal outgrowth, particularly neurotrophins. Neurotrophins are trophic factors that act via the Trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases and several downstream intracellular signaling pathways to support the growth, s ...
Computing Action Potentials by Phase Interference in
... through the neural matrix; i.e. the refractory period is capable of interference at axon bifurcations and the axon hillock of cell bodies to produce effective deflection of action potentials along different axonal pathways in the neural network or to cause mutual occlusion. ...
... through the neural matrix; i.e. the refractory period is capable of interference at axon bifurcations and the axon hillock of cell bodies to produce effective deflection of action potentials along different axonal pathways in the neural network or to cause mutual occlusion. ...
Paper - Wharton Marketing
... a significant negative slope in 10 (average β = −0.09) and no signi ficant slope in the remainder (P > 0.05, n = 43, average β = 0.041). The 49 neurons with positive slopes constitute the focus of subsequent ana lyses (Supplementary Data 7 and Supplementary Figs. 7 and 8). We next performed the ...
... a significant negative slope in 10 (average β = −0.09) and no signi ficant slope in the remainder (P > 0.05, n = 43, average β = 0.041). The 49 neurons with positive slopes constitute the focus of subsequent ana lyses (Supplementary Data 7 and Supplementary Figs. 7 and 8). We next performed the ...
Viewpoint - Columbia University
... explains why even neurons that are not part of the same local network should have a common crossing time. But first, we examine the data for evidence of this one-dimensional dynamics. Figure 2. Concept of One-Dimensional Dynamics An example of firing-rate space for N = 2 neurons. Visual (V), delay ( ...
... explains why even neurons that are not part of the same local network should have a common crossing time. But first, we examine the data for evidence of this one-dimensional dynamics. Figure 2. Concept of One-Dimensional Dynamics An example of firing-rate space for N = 2 neurons. Visual (V), delay ( ...
Smell, Taste, Texture, and Temperature
... eaten to satiety, one study39 measured humans’ responses to the smell of a food eaten to satiety. It was found that the pleasantness of the odor of a food, but much less significantly its intensity, was decreased when the subjects ate it to satiety. It was also found that the pleasantness of the smel ...
... eaten to satiety, one study39 measured humans’ responses to the smell of a food eaten to satiety. It was found that the pleasantness of the odor of a food, but much less significantly its intensity, was decreased when the subjects ate it to satiety. It was also found that the pleasantness of the smel ...
Presentazione standard di PowerPoint
... with a too long node of Ranvier, which may hinder the progression of the action potential. The time seems ripe to abandon a vision of myelin based on a metaphor and accept a new epistemological paradigm more consistent with the observational data, and less theory laden. (i) chronically demyelinated ...
... with a too long node of Ranvier, which may hinder the progression of the action potential. The time seems ripe to abandon a vision of myelin based on a metaphor and accept a new epistemological paradigm more consistent with the observational data, and less theory laden. (i) chronically demyelinated ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.