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Anatomical Terminology
... terminology, we eliminate ambiguity. Anatomical terms derive from ancient Greek and Latin words. Because these languages are no longer used in everyday conversation, the meaning of their words does not change. Anatomical terms are made up of roots, prexes, and suxes. ...
... terminology, we eliminate ambiguity. Anatomical terms derive from ancient Greek and Latin words. Because these languages are no longer used in everyday conversation, the meaning of their words does not change. Anatomical terms are made up of roots, prexes, and suxes. ...
neural representation and the cortical code
... As the initial examples illustrated, in order for a neuronal signal to have meaning for an organism, the signal must have projections that allow it to have a function in the organism’s activities. The function of neurons or neural representations is not just to provide a highly correlated and inform ...
... As the initial examples illustrated, in order for a neuronal signal to have meaning for an organism, the signal must have projections that allow it to have a function in the organism’s activities. The function of neurons or neural representations is not just to provide a highly correlated and inform ...
Decoding a Temporal Population Code
... The processing of sensory events by the brain requires the encoding of information in an internal state. This internal state can be represented by the brain using a spatial code, a temporal code, or a combination of both. For further processing, however, this encoded information requires decoding at ...
... The processing of sensory events by the brain requires the encoding of information in an internal state. This internal state can be represented by the brain using a spatial code, a temporal code, or a combination of both. For further processing, however, this encoded information requires decoding at ...
The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit: interpretations
... The parieto-frontal mirror network The monkey parieto-frontal network. The mirror mechanism was originally discovered in the ventral premotor cortex of the macaque monkey (area F5)1–3. Single-neuron recordings showed that this area contains neurons — mirror neurons — that discharge both when a monke ...
... The parieto-frontal mirror network The monkey parieto-frontal network. The mirror mechanism was originally discovered in the ventral premotor cortex of the macaque monkey (area F5)1–3. Single-neuron recordings showed that this area contains neurons — mirror neurons — that discharge both when a monke ...
Neuronal innervation of the exocrine defence glands in stick insects
... neuronal control from the CNS. The detailed neural innervation and possible differences between species are not studied so far. Using axonal tracing, the neuronal innervation is investigated comparing four species. The aim is to document the complexity of defence gland innervation in peripheral nerv ...
... neuronal control from the CNS. The detailed neural innervation and possible differences between species are not studied so far. Using axonal tracing, the neuronal innervation is investigated comparing four species. The aim is to document the complexity of defence gland innervation in peripheral nerv ...
The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit
... by a human hand, a robot hand or a tool51. Here, bilateral activation of a mirror network formed by intraparietal and ventral premotor cortex occured, regardless of the effector. In addition, the observation of tool actions produced a specific activation of a rostral sector of the left anterior supr ...
... by a human hand, a robot hand or a tool51. Here, bilateral activation of a mirror network formed by intraparietal and ventral premotor cortex occured, regardless of the effector. In addition, the observation of tool actions produced a specific activation of a rostral sector of the left anterior supr ...
PDF - Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
... SCI is not satisfactory. Thus, it’s urgent to find effective treatment methods for SCI, and many experiments have been done covering many aspects, such as molecule, cell, gene, drug treatment, and so on. In this study, we have discovered that GDNF immunoreactive products were found in the cytoplasm ...
... SCI is not satisfactory. Thus, it’s urgent to find effective treatment methods for SCI, and many experiments have been done covering many aspects, such as molecule, cell, gene, drug treatment, and so on. In this study, we have discovered that GDNF immunoreactive products were found in the cytoplasm ...
LINKING PROPOSITIONS*
... What is the place and value of sensory reports in the testing of physiological hypotheses? He formulated the argument that phenomenal terms and physiological terms are from different realms of discourse, and that, if terms from the two different realms were to be used together in a single sentence, ...
... What is the place and value of sensory reports in the testing of physiological hypotheses? He formulated the argument that phenomenal terms and physiological terms are from different realms of discourse, and that, if terms from the two different realms were to be used together in a single sentence, ...
Cytoarchitecture of the canine perirhinal and postrhinal cortex
... parahippocampal cortical regions of the “medial temporal lobe”, is an important component of the memory system. More recently it has been discovered that in the human brain this cortex undergoes severe neurodegenerative changes in Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia or temporal lobe epilepsy, and int ...
... parahippocampal cortical regions of the “medial temporal lobe”, is an important component of the memory system. More recently it has been discovered that in the human brain this cortex undergoes severe neurodegenerative changes in Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia or temporal lobe epilepsy, and int ...
MIrror neuRons based RObot Recognition - LIRA-Lab
... have been found also in area PF of the inferior parietal lobule, which is bidirectionally connected with area F5 (Fogassi, Gallese, Fadiga, & Rizzolatti, 1998). Therefore, mirror neurons seem to be identical to canonical neurons in terms of motor properties, but they radically differ from the canoni ...
... have been found also in area PF of the inferior parietal lobule, which is bidirectionally connected with area F5 (Fogassi, Gallese, Fadiga, & Rizzolatti, 1998). Therefore, mirror neurons seem to be identical to canonical neurons in terms of motor properties, but they radically differ from the canoni ...
Nicotinic Receptors in Addiction Pathways
... tegmental area, thus regulating the activity of serotonergic and dopamine neurons (Klemm, 2004; Lecourtier and Kelly, 2007). Recent findings of an optogenetic study indicate that MHb cholinergic neurons express glutamate as a cotransmitter and that the two transmitters are released by different mode ...
... tegmental area, thus regulating the activity of serotonergic and dopamine neurons (Klemm, 2004; Lecourtier and Kelly, 2007). Recent findings of an optogenetic study indicate that MHb cholinergic neurons express glutamate as a cotransmitter and that the two transmitters are released by different mode ...
Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area
... Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area: Targets of Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Output Dalila Akkal,2 Richard P. Dum,2 and Peter L. Strick1,2,3 1Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition and Department of Neurobiology, and 3Department of ...
... Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area: Targets of Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Output Dalila Akkal,2 Richard P. Dum,2 and Peter L. Strick1,2,3 1Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition and Department of Neurobiology, and 3Department of ...
Ensemble Patterns of Hippocampal CA3
... multisynaptic hippocampal circuits (Amaral and Witter, 1989), processing of information occurs during macroscopic oscillations (Buzsaki and Chrobak, 1995). Studying the contribution of the individual hippocampal regions to the overall performance is difficult during oscillatory states because oscill ...
... multisynaptic hippocampal circuits (Amaral and Witter, 1989), processing of information occurs during macroscopic oscillations (Buzsaki and Chrobak, 1995). Studying the contribution of the individual hippocampal regions to the overall performance is difficult during oscillatory states because oscill ...
Lateral Hypothalamus Contains Two Types of Palatability
... Recording sessions typically lasted less than an hour and consisted of 15–20 repeats of each of the five taste stimuli, for a total of 75–100 separate taste deliveries. We have previously shown that palatability and neural responses are stable across this length of session and volume of fluid consum ...
... Recording sessions typically lasted less than an hour and consisted of 15–20 repeats of each of the five taste stimuli, for a total of 75–100 separate taste deliveries. We have previously shown that palatability and neural responses are stable across this length of session and volume of fluid consum ...
Neuronal LRP1 Knockout in Adult Mice Leads to Impaired Brain
... further show that the levels of glutamate receptor subunits NMDA receptor 1 and Glu receptor 1 are selectively reduced in LRP1 forebrain knock-out mice and in LRP1 knockdown neurons, which is partially rescued by restoring neuronal cholesterol. Together, these studies support a critical role for LRP ...
... further show that the levels of glutamate receptor subunits NMDA receptor 1 and Glu receptor 1 are selectively reduced in LRP1 forebrain knock-out mice and in LRP1 knockdown neurons, which is partially rescued by restoring neuronal cholesterol. Together, these studies support a critical role for LRP ...
Synaptic Competition during the Reformation of a Neuromuscular Map
... explanation is that regenerating neurites proceed down vacated endoneurial sheaths and are thus physically guided to their original end plates (Brown and Hopkins, 1981; Ide et al., 1983; Ide and Kato, 1990). However, even when the respective nerves to the diaphragm and SA muscles were severed and in ...
... explanation is that regenerating neurites proceed down vacated endoneurial sheaths and are thus physically guided to their original end plates (Brown and Hopkins, 1981; Ide et al., 1983; Ide and Kato, 1990). However, even when the respective nerves to the diaphragm and SA muscles were severed and in ...
disparity detection from stereo
... helps to form similar patterns in topographic maps; disparity selectivity of neurons changes smoothly along the neural plane. In summary, the work here is novel in the following aspects: 1) the first laminar model (paired layers in each area) for stereo; 2) the first utilization of temporal signals ...
... helps to form similar patterns in topographic maps; disparity selectivity of neurons changes smoothly along the neural plane. In summary, the work here is novel in the following aspects: 1) the first laminar model (paired layers in each area) for stereo; 2) the first utilization of temporal signals ...
Axonally Synthesized ATF4 Transmits a Neurodegenerative Signal across Brain Regions Baleriola,
... changes within axons may be primary events driving the development of the classical pathological changes (Krstic and Knuesel, 2013). For example, in AD brains with amyloid plaques restricted to the cortex, subcortical neurons with cortical projections degenerate, suggesting that axonal exposure to A ...
... changes within axons may be primary events driving the development of the classical pathological changes (Krstic and Knuesel, 2013). For example, in AD brains with amyloid plaques restricted to the cortex, subcortical neurons with cortical projections degenerate, suggesting that axonal exposure to A ...
Confidence-Related Decision Making
... mixture is applied, the decision-making network will probabilistically choose DA or DB, influenced by the proportion of A and B in the mixture. The parameters of the decision-making (first) network were chosen as follows. The inputs to the network from the sensory stimuli A and B and the synaptic we ...
... mixture is applied, the decision-making network will probabilistically choose DA or DB, influenced by the proportion of A and B in the mixture. The parameters of the decision-making (first) network were chosen as follows. The inputs to the network from the sensory stimuli A and B and the synaptic we ...
Plxdc2/TEM7R of the mouse
... plexin repeat (PSI domain) in its extracellular region. Here, we describe Plxdc2 expression in the embryonic mouse, with particular emphasis on the developing central nervous system. Using light microscopy and optical projection tomography (OPT), we analyse RNA in situ hybridization patterns and exp ...
... plexin repeat (PSI domain) in its extracellular region. Here, we describe Plxdc2 expression in the embryonic mouse, with particular emphasis on the developing central nervous system. Using light microscopy and optical projection tomography (OPT), we analyse RNA in situ hybridization patterns and exp ...
Synaptic Integration in Rat Frontal Cortex Shaped by Network Activity
... activity affects the neurons’ integrative properties and what function this may imply at the network level remain largely unknown. Most of our knowledge regarding synaptic communication and integration is based on recordings in vitro, where network activity is strongly diminished or even absent. Her ...
... activity affects the neurons’ integrative properties and what function this may imply at the network level remain largely unknown. Most of our knowledge regarding synaptic communication and integration is based on recordings in vitro, where network activity is strongly diminished or even absent. Her ...
Tactile orientation perception: an ideal observer analysis of human
... neurons had nearly circular excitatory RF shapes (defined as aspect ratios ⬍1.5) at the time of peak response. Inhibitory sidebands may plausibly create or further enhance orientation selectivity (Hsiao et al. 2002). However, S1 cortical RF structures are quite diverse, and both the prevalence of sp ...
... neurons had nearly circular excitatory RF shapes (defined as aspect ratios ⬍1.5) at the time of peak response. Inhibitory sidebands may plausibly create or further enhance orientation selectivity (Hsiao et al. 2002). However, S1 cortical RF structures are quite diverse, and both the prevalence of sp ...
Multiple System Atrophy
... on and off, and adjusted using an external controller. Data shows that about one-fourth of individuals develop equipment problems that may require additional surgeries. Other types of neural stimulation. Neurostimulation can be delivered at other locations along the pain pathway, not only at the spi ...
... on and off, and adjusted using an external controller. Data shows that about one-fourth of individuals develop equipment problems that may require additional surgeries. Other types of neural stimulation. Neurostimulation can be delivered at other locations along the pain pathway, not only at the spi ...
PDGFRa-Positive B Cells Are Neural Stem Cells
... et al., 1999), and B cells located in this region also serve as their primary progenitors (Menn et al., 2006). Again, additional markers and factors regulating SVZ oligodendrogenesis have not been well characterized. During mouse development, the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-a (PDGFRa) is ...
... et al., 1999), and B cells located in this region also serve as their primary progenitors (Menn et al., 2006). Again, additional markers and factors regulating SVZ oligodendrogenesis have not been well characterized. During mouse development, the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-a (PDGFRa) is ...
The Cytoarchitectonic Map of Constantin von Economo and Georg N
... (1885–1975), working in the Psychiatric Clinic of Julius Wagner-Jauregg (1857–1940) at the University of Vienna, published their monumental Atlas and Textbook of Cytoarchitectonics of the Adult Human Cerebral Cortex, following in the footsteps of Theodor Meynert (1833–1892) and Korbinian Brodmann (1 ...
... (1885–1975), working in the Psychiatric Clinic of Julius Wagner-Jauregg (1857–1940) at the University of Vienna, published their monumental Atlas and Textbook of Cytoarchitectonics of the Adult Human Cerebral Cortex, following in the footsteps of Theodor Meynert (1833–1892) and Korbinian Brodmann (1 ...
Neuroanatomy
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Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.