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Changes in GABA Modulation During a Theta Cycle May Be
... potentials due to neuronal spiking activity changes during different phases of the theta rhythm (Rudell, Fox, & Rank, 1980; Buszaki, Grastyan, Czopf, Kellenyi, & Prohaska, 1981; Rudell & Fox, 1984). This could result from changes in presynaptic and/or postsynaptic inhibition during a theta cycle. Mo ...
... potentials due to neuronal spiking activity changes during different phases of the theta rhythm (Rudell, Fox, & Rank, 1980; Buszaki, Grastyan, Czopf, Kellenyi, & Prohaska, 1981; Rudell & Fox, 1984). This could result from changes in presynaptic and/or postsynaptic inhibition during a theta cycle. Mo ...
The Optic Tectum of Birds - Department of Psychology
... One of the most extensively studied of the tectal efferent pathways is the projection to the nucleus rotundus (nRt), which is homologous to the pulvinar complex in mammals (Benowitz & Karten, 1976; Karten & Shimizu, 1989). Electrophysiological studies have shown that, although the nRt is not retinot ...
... One of the most extensively studied of the tectal efferent pathways is the projection to the nucleus rotundus (nRt), which is homologous to the pulvinar complex in mammals (Benowitz & Karten, 1976; Karten & Shimizu, 1989). Electrophysiological studies have shown that, although the nRt is not retinot ...
Spiking Neurons - Computing Science and Mathematics
... time window is set by the experimenter and depends on the type of neuron recorded from and the stimulus . In practice, to get sensible averages, several spikes should occur within the time window . Values of T = 100ms or T = 500 ms are typical , but the duration may also be longer or shorter. This d ...
... time window is set by the experimenter and depends on the type of neuron recorded from and the stimulus . In practice, to get sensible averages, several spikes should occur within the time window . Values of T = 100ms or T = 500 ms are typical , but the duration may also be longer or shorter. This d ...
Introduction to Anatomy Module 6A and 6B
... organ, tissue, or condition, whereas the prex or sux often describes the root. For example, in the disorder hypertension, the prex hyper- means high or over, and the root word tension refers to pressure, so the word hypertension refers to abnormally high blood pressure. ...
... organ, tissue, or condition, whereas the prex or sux often describes the root. For example, in the disorder hypertension, the prex hyper- means high or over, and the root word tension refers to pressure, so the word hypertension refers to abnormally high blood pressure. ...
Effects of yoga on the autonomic nervous system
... systems, this discussion will focus on the PNS. The term ‘GABAergic’ indicates activity of the GABA system detectable by various methods of measurement. For the purpose of this paper the term ‘yoga’ is used to encompass ancient and modern mind–body techniques, including all forms of yoga and other t ...
... systems, this discussion will focus on the PNS. The term ‘GABAergic’ indicates activity of the GABA system detectable by various methods of measurement. For the purpose of this paper the term ‘yoga’ is used to encompass ancient and modern mind–body techniques, including all forms of yoga and other t ...
Hunger Modulates the Responses to Gustatory Stimuli
... caudolateral orbitofrontal cortex (secondary) taste area. Then sensory-specific satiety occurs because in this caudolateral orbitofrontal cortex taste area (but not earlier in the taste system) it is a property of the synapses that repeated stimulation results in a decreased neuronal response. 6. Ev ...
... caudolateral orbitofrontal cortex (secondary) taste area. Then sensory-specific satiety occurs because in this caudolateral orbitofrontal cortex taste area (but not earlier in the taste system) it is a property of the synapses that repeated stimulation results in a decreased neuronal response. 6. Ev ...
Model of Cortical-Basal Ganglionic Processing: Encoding the Serial
... Beiser, David G. and James C. Houk. Model of cortical-basal ganglionic processing: encoding the serial order of sensory events. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 3168–3188, 1998. Several lines of evidence suggest that the prefrontal (PF) cortex and basal ganglia are important in cognitive aspects of serial order ...
... Beiser, David G. and James C. Houk. Model of cortical-basal ganglionic processing: encoding the serial order of sensory events. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 3168–3188, 1998. Several lines of evidence suggest that the prefrontal (PF) cortex and basal ganglia are important in cognitive aspects of serial order ...
Drives and emotions: the hypothalamus and limbic system
... Figure 23-3 A, Regions of the hypothalamus and pituitary in midsagittal view. The entire area filled with diagonal lines is the tuber cinereum. The crosshatched portion of the tuber cinereum is the median eminence. B, The medial surface of the hypothalamus. C, Myelin-stained parasagittal section of ...
... Figure 23-3 A, Regions of the hypothalamus and pituitary in midsagittal view. The entire area filled with diagonal lines is the tuber cinereum. The crosshatched portion of the tuber cinereum is the median eminence. B, The medial surface of the hypothalamus. C, Myelin-stained parasagittal section of ...
neural_networks
... quantitative aspect of the total pattern we associate with that individual. A feature can be an axis in a higher dimensional geometric space. Qualitative features can also be valued, as zero or one, for the absence or presence of a feature (e.g., ‘has a driver’s license’) We will only use non-negati ...
... quantitative aspect of the total pattern we associate with that individual. A feature can be an axis in a higher dimensional geometric space. Qualitative features can also be valued, as zero or one, for the absence or presence of a feature (e.g., ‘has a driver’s license’) We will only use non-negati ...
Fibroblast growth factor modulates HIV coreceptor - SGF-5000
... FGF1 Decreases CXCR4 in Neuronal Cells As there was no access to fetal material to establish primary human neurons, we used the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y, differentiated into postmitotic cells with retinoic acid. This cell line has been shown previously to express CXCR4 (Loetscher et al. ...
... FGF1 Decreases CXCR4 in Neuronal Cells As there was no access to fetal material to establish primary human neurons, we used the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y, differentiated into postmitotic cells with retinoic acid. This cell line has been shown previously to express CXCR4 (Loetscher et al. ...
The Neuroscientist
... Two main approaches have been proposed for univariate methods: sliding window (Gembris and others 2000) and incremental analysis (Cox and others 1995). The sliding-window correlation and detrending technique limits the correlation computation to a susbset of measurement time points, enabling one to ...
... Two main approaches have been proposed for univariate methods: sliding window (Gembris and others 2000) and incremental analysis (Cox and others 1995). The sliding-window correlation and detrending technique limits the correlation computation to a susbset of measurement time points, enabling one to ...
Current Trends in the Imaging of Diffuse Axonal Injury
... improve 18 months postinjury but do not normalize to right-sided values Key: ...
... improve 18 months postinjury but do not normalize to right-sided values Key: ...
Looking for the roots of cortical sensory computation in three
... patterns of activity in the bulb by direct stimulation of ensembles of glomeruli using photo-uncaging of glutamate [64] or optogenetic stimulation [70]. These studies indicate that individual PCx neurons respond selectively to distinct combinations of active glomeruli [64] and are sensitive to th ...
... patterns of activity in the bulb by direct stimulation of ensembles of glomeruli using photo-uncaging of glutamate [64] or optogenetic stimulation [70]. These studies indicate that individual PCx neurons respond selectively to distinct combinations of active glomeruli [64] and are sensitive to th ...
The Development of Neural Synchrony and Large
... young adults (20–26 y), and older adults (70–76 y). Evoked oscillations in children were significantly reduced between 30 and 148 Hz over occipital electrodes relative to adults and did not show a modulation by the size of the stimulus. Moreover, Yordanova et al42 reported also differences in alpha ...
... young adults (20–26 y), and older adults (70–76 y). Evoked oscillations in children were significantly reduced between 30 and 148 Hz over occipital electrodes relative to adults and did not show a modulation by the size of the stimulus. Moreover, Yordanova et al42 reported also differences in alpha ...
muscle spindle - KIN450
... conduction (120 m/sec). These afferents increase their firing rate when there is a change in muscle length or rapid movement. They have a rapidly adapting response and therefore provide information about the velocity and direction of the muscle stretch. They also provide information about the rate o ...
... conduction (120 m/sec). These afferents increase their firing rate when there is a change in muscle length or rapid movement. They have a rapidly adapting response and therefore provide information about the velocity and direction of the muscle stretch. They also provide information about the rate o ...
Efficient gene transduction of neurons by lentivirus with
... because they have high transcription activities in all the infected cells whatever their cell types are. Taken together, VSV-G-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors with CMV promoter express transgene in not only neuronal but also glial cells in the central nervous system3–5,8 Thus, it is indispensable to ...
... because they have high transcription activities in all the infected cells whatever their cell types are. Taken together, VSV-G-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors with CMV promoter express transgene in not only neuronal but also glial cells in the central nervous system3–5,8 Thus, it is indispensable to ...
Neurotransmitter Function
... Once enough action potentials reach the terminal button, transmitter is released. Ca++ (calcium) channels open in the membrane Ca++ enters and fuses with the synaptic vesicles that are docked to the membrane Vesicles then release neurotransmitter into the ...
... Once enough action potentials reach the terminal button, transmitter is released. Ca++ (calcium) channels open in the membrane Ca++ enters and fuses with the synaptic vesicles that are docked to the membrane Vesicles then release neurotransmitter into the ...
Limitations of Neural Map Topography for Decoding Spatial
... can perform face recognition without requiring that neighboring pixels in its camera be connected to neighboring positions on its circuit board. Organisms could still be using topographic relationships for decoding, but it remains unclear for most biological systems whether the accuracy of such deco ...
... can perform face recognition without requiring that neighboring pixels in its camera be connected to neighboring positions on its circuit board. Organisms could still be using topographic relationships for decoding, but it remains unclear for most biological systems whether the accuracy of such deco ...
Dynamic relationships between age, beta
... ß The Author (2016). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: [email protected] ...
... ß The Author (2016). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: [email protected] ...
Characterisation of the zebrafish cerebellar efferent system
... 1.2.2. The two germinal zones of the cerebellar anlage ................................................................15 The Rhombic Lip and its associated transcription factor atonal homologue 1.........................15 The Ventricular Zone and its associated transcription factor ptf1a ......... ...
... 1.2.2. The two germinal zones of the cerebellar anlage ................................................................15 The Rhombic Lip and its associated transcription factor atonal homologue 1.........................15 The Ventricular Zone and its associated transcription factor ptf1a ......... ...
166 - UCSF Physiology - University of California, San Francisco
... locations between neuronal axons and dendrites. On the presynaptic side, it depends on the proper assembly of different synaptic vesicle pools at the active zone (Rosenmund and Stevens, 1996; Schneggenburger et al., 1999; Wu and Borst, 1999; Schikorski and Stevens, 2001; Mozhayeva et al., 2002; Tasc ...
... locations between neuronal axons and dendrites. On the presynaptic side, it depends on the proper assembly of different synaptic vesicle pools at the active zone (Rosenmund and Stevens, 1996; Schneggenburger et al., 1999; Wu and Borst, 1999; Schikorski and Stevens, 2001; Mozhayeva et al., 2002; Tasc ...
The outer, middle, and inner ear work together to
... Vibrating objects, such as vocal cords, create sound waves or pressure waves in the air. When these pressure waves reach the ear, the ear transduces this mechanical stimulus (pressure wave) into a nerve impulse (electrical signal) that the brain perceives as sound. The pressure waves strike the tymp ...
... Vibrating objects, such as vocal cords, create sound waves or pressure waves in the air. When these pressure waves reach the ear, the ear transduces this mechanical stimulus (pressure wave) into a nerve impulse (electrical signal) that the brain perceives as sound. The pressure waves strike the tymp ...
the vagus nerve - European Medical Journal
... in mind that each trunk receives fibres from both cervical vagus nerves.5 The number of posterior and anterior trunks passing through the diaphragmatic opening is variable, up to two in the former and three in the latter.5 The anterior trunk distributes gastric branches to the anterior aspect of the ...
... in mind that each trunk receives fibres from both cervical vagus nerves.5 The number of posterior and anterior trunks passing through the diaphragmatic opening is variable, up to two in the former and three in the latter.5 The anterior trunk distributes gastric branches to the anterior aspect of the ...
SAD Kinases Sculpt Axonal Arbors of Sensory Neurons through
... the SpVc and form dense arbors. SADIsl1-cre mutant axons fail to elaborate axon arbors that enter into the correct target (outlined); growth cones tip many of the labeled axons (arrows). (K–R) Parvalbumin immunohistochemistry of E17.5 triceps muscle showing that annulospiral endings of IaPSNs (K and ...
... the SpVc and form dense arbors. SADIsl1-cre mutant axons fail to elaborate axon arbors that enter into the correct target (outlined); growth cones tip many of the labeled axons (arrows). (K–R) Parvalbumin immunohistochemistry of E17.5 triceps muscle showing that annulospiral endings of IaPSNs (K and ...
The visual-oculomotor striatum of the cat: functional relationship to
... a first series of experiments, the former was injected with a retrograde tracer in several cats. Thalamostriate cells were found in extensive regions, including the intralaminar nuclei, certain motor-related nuclei, and, most notably, across much of the extrageniculate visual thalamus. In another se ...
... a first series of experiments, the former was injected with a retrograde tracer in several cats. Thalamostriate cells were found in extensive regions, including the intralaminar nuclei, certain motor-related nuclei, and, most notably, across much of the extrageniculate visual thalamus. In another se ...
Neuroanatomy
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sobo_1909_624.png?width=300)
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.